Medicinal plants for Tuberculosis (TB) ~ NepalAyurveds.com

Medicinal plants have been integral to TB treatment across cultures. Traditional practices leverage their therapeutic properties to alleviate symptoms and support recovery.

The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) has a rich history rooted in traditional medicine systems worldwide. Across various cultures and regions, indigenous practices have identified specific plants and their parts with potential therapeutic benefits against TB symptoms. These traditional remedies often encompass a diverse array of botanical species, ranging from Leguminosae (Fabaceae) and Liliaceae to Myristicaceae and Pinaceae families, each offering unique bioactive compounds believed to alleviate respiratory ailments, suppress cough, and strengthen the immune system against TB pathogens. Traditional knowledge combined with contemporary research continues to shed light on the potential efficacy and safety of these botanical remedies, presenting promising avenues for TB treatment and management.

TB has been a problem for a long time, but it got worse in the 18th century when cities grew bigger. In the 20th century, things got better in richer countries because of vaccines and medicine. But still, every year, millions of people get TB, and many die from it. Lots of people have TB without even knowing it, especially in India. The drugs we've been using to treat TB for a long time aren't working as well anymore because some TB germs have become resistant to them. Also, with COVID-19, more people are getting TB because it's harder to treat now. The World Health Organization wanted to get rid of TB by 2025, but now they think it will take until 2035 because it's getting harder to treat.

Some people are trying to use plants to treat TB instead of drugs. In countries like India, a lot of people already use plants for medicine. These plants might not cure TB completely, but they can make people feel better. They also have fewer side effects than drugs. Many people in developing countries depend on traditional medicine, so using plants to treat TB could help a lot of people.

Phytoproducts are emerging as promising alternatives for treating tuberculosis (TB), offering hope for patients who suffer from the side effects of conventional antibiotics. These side effects, such as kidney damage, liver problems, and nerve issues, have prompted researchers to explore plant-based remedies. Traditional treatments using medicinal plants like Artemisia afra and Myrothamnus flabellifolius have long been practiced, demonstrating the potential of phytochemicals in combating TB. These compounds, including flavonoids, carotenoids, and terpenoids, possess biotherapeutic properties that can bolster the body's immune response against TB while minimizing adverse reactions associated with standard antibiotic regimens like the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS).

Furthermore, certain plant-derived compounds, like bergenin and silymarin, have shown efficacy in enhancing the body's ability to fight TB without causing extensive harm. These compounds modulate the immune response, inhibit bacterial growth, and reduce inflammation, offering a promising avenue for TB treatment. Alongside traditional medicinal practices, these phytoproducts present a holistic approach to managing TB, potentially reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics and mitigating the risk of long-term side effects. As research continues to uncover the mechanisms and efficacy of plant-based treatments, they hold significant promise in revolutionizing TB management, offering safer and more sustainable options for patients worldwide.

Using plants and plant-based stuff can help fight bacteria and reduce the bad effects of regular TB drugs. TB is becoming harder to treat because some bacteria are getting resistant to drugs. India has old medical ideas that could be used to make new TB treatments. We need to study more about plant drugs to see how they work against TB bacteria and how they affect the body's defenses. If we mix plant drugs with regular TB drugs, it might help stop drug resistance and make treatment better. This is important because there aren't many TB drugs, and some TB bacteria are getting resistant to them.

Using plants in TB treatment can help make new and better treatments. Regular TB drugs can weaken the body's defenses, but plant drugs might boost them. However, we need to be careful when using alternative medicines. Even though they might help, we need to test them well to make sure they're safe and work well. Some new drugs that are like plant chemicals are being tested in people with TB.

In short, using local plants and herbs in TB treatment is a promising idea. India's old medical ideas can help make new TB treatments. Mixing plant drugs with regular TB drugs might make treatment better and safer. With more research, we can hope to beat TB without it being a big problem anymore.

Kushta (Saussurea lappa)

Saussurea lappa is a plant that people use for medicine. They use its dried roots and bark. In Hindi, it's called "Kuth," and in Sanskrit, it's "Kushta." This plant grows in cold places like the Himalayas, Kashmir-Jammu, Kishenganga valley, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh. It belongs to the Asteraceae family and has the scientific name S. lappa C.B. Clarke.

The plant is tall, around 1-2 meters, with a strong upright stem. Its roots are long and have a distinctive smell. The leaves are lobed with uneven edges, and the flowers are dark purple to black, growing at the top and sides of the plant. The fruits are curved and hairy.

Inside the roots, there are many chemicals, including Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenoids, Flavonoids, and others. The main compounds are Dehydrocostus lactone and Costunolide. Saussurea lappa has various effects on health. It can help fight tuberculosis, ulcers, tumors, and inflammation. It supports the immune system, protects the liver and heart, and can even stop seizures and kill mosquito larvae.

Taaki (Bauhinia purpurea )

Bauhinia purpurea is a plant that belongs to the Fabaceae family. It has various names such as Purple Bauhinia, Orchid Tree, Camel’s Foot Tree, Butterfly Tree, and Geranium Tree. It's found in countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand. It's also grown in other places like Australia, Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and the United States, as well as in the Pacific Islands.

In terms of classification, it falls under Kingdom Plantae, Class Dicotyledonae, Order Fabales, and Family Fabaceae, with the species name being Bauhinia purpurea. Morphologically, it grows up to 10 meters tall with smooth and fibrous bark. Its leaves are deeply divided, resembling a cow's foot, and its flowers are pink and fragrant. The fruit is flat, bean-like, woody, and coils after splitting open.

Chemically, Bauhinia purpurea contains various secondary compounds like Glycosides, Flavonoids, Saponins, Triterpenoids, Phenolic Compounds, Oxepins, Fatty Acids, and Phytosterols. The main constituents include Bauhinoxepin, Dihydrodibenoxepins, and dihydrobenzofuran.

In terms of pharmacological activity, studies have shown that extracts from the roots of Bauhinia purpurea have strong antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other reported activities include anti-diabetic, anti-depressant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antimalarial, antinociceptive, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Bojho (Acorus calamus )

Acorus calamus is a plant. People use its dried rhizomes, which are like roots, for different purposes. In English, it's commonly called Sweet Flag. In Hindi, it's known as Bajai or Gora-bach. This plant is originally from central Asia and eastern Europe, but it's also found in the mountains of India. You can find it growing in various places in India, like Jammu-Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, and other states.

Scientists classify Acorus calamus in the plant kingdom as part of the family Acoraceae. Its scientific name is made up of different categories, like Plantae, which is the kingdom, and Magnoliophyta, which is the division. Its leaves are green and shaped like swords, with wavy edges. The rhizomes are brown, twisted, and look like cylinders.

Acorus calamus contains various chemicals like phenylpropanoids, sterols, and alkaloids. The most important ones are α and β-asarone. Researchers have found that this plant has many medicinal properties. For example, it can fight bacteria like Mycobacterium, which causes diseases. It also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Additionally, it's been studied for its potential in treating cancer, controlling seizures, and even improving mood.

NONI (Morinda citrifolia)

Morinda citrifolia, also known as Indian Mulberry or great morinda, is a plant with leaves and fruits that come from the Rubiaceae family. In Hindi, it's called Bartundi, and in Telugu, it's referred to as Mogali. It's originally from Southeast Asia and Australia, but it's also grown in parts of India like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha.

This plant grows up to 3 to 10 meters tall. Its leaves are opposite each other, have a glossy surface, and are elliptic to elliptic-ovate in shape, ranging from 20 to 45 cm in length and 7 to 25 cm in width. The flowers are white, and the fruit is yellowish-white, fleshy, and measures around 5 to 10 cm long and 3 to 4 cm in diameter. The ripe fruit has a soft texture and an unpleasant smell.

Morinda citrifolia contains various chemical components like flavonoids, coumarins, anthraquinone, alkaloids, and terpenoids. These chemicals, including lucidin, rubiadin, rutin, narcissoside, quercetin, and scopoletin, are responsible for its anti-tuberculosis activity.

Studies have shown that extracts from the fruit of Morinda citrifolia inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. The active ingredients in the fruit, such as flavonoids, scopoletin, anthraquinone, and alkaloids, have strong anti-tubercular properties. Additionally, the plant has been reported to exhibit other activities like anti-tumor, anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, bactericidal, anthelmintic, antifungal, bone protective, antiviral, and antidepressant/sedative effects.

Thai Ginger (Alpinia galangal )

Alpinia galangal, also known as Kulanjan in Hindi and Kulinjan in Gujrati, is a plant whose roots and rhizomes are used for various purposes. It belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and is mainly found in Thailand, Malaysia, and China. In India, it is grown in the Himalayas and the southern region of the Western Ghats.

This plant can grow up to 2 to 3 meters tall. Its roots are tuberous and have a slight aroma. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate in shape, green on the upper side, and paler beneath. They have slightly callus-white margins. The flowers are greenish-white and grow in dense clusters called panicles. The fruit is small, about the size of a cherry, and is orange-red in color.

Alpinia galangal contains various chemical compounds, including essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids. These compounds contribute to its medicinal properties. One important constituent, 1' acetoxy chavicol acetate, has been found to have anti-tuberculosis properties.

The plant has been studied for its pharmacological activities, including its effectiveness as a carminative, stomachic, and stimulant. It is also known to improve digestion, appetite, and as an anti-emetic. Additionally, it has expectorant properties and has been used as an anti-fungal agent. Some studies suggest it may help with chest pain, have anti-tumor effects, and possibly aid in managing diabetes.

Copperleaf (Acalypha indica )

Acalypha indica L., is a type of weed that grows every year. It's part of the Euphorbiaceae family and can be found in many places across Asia. You might see it growing in fields, gardens, and along roadsides where there's waste land. People use different parts of the plant, like the leaves, roots, stalks, and flowers. They use it for things like helping with urination, getting rid of worms in the body, and treating breathing problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and pneumonia.

Asuro (Adhatoda vasica)

Vasaka, also called Adhatoda vasica nees, is a plant found all over India, growing up to 1300 meters above sea level. People use its leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots to treat colds, coughs, whooping cough, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. It's thought to help by calming, loosening mucus, and reducing spasms. It's suggested for various illnesses like bronchitis, asthma, fever, and jaundice. The leaves and roots are said to work well for coughs, arthritis, diarrhea, and dysentery, and they have strong chemical properties that can help stop bleeding. The leaves also help with inflammation, pain relief, and certain skin conditions.

Pyaaj (Allium cepa)

Onion, scientifically known as Allium cepa Linn., is part of the lily family and grows up to about 3 feet tall. It has green stems and hollow leaves, with small flowers that are usually white or purple. People use onions to treat colds, coughs, laryngitis, and allergies. Some studies have shown that certain types of onions might have activity against tuberculosis.

Lasun (Allium sativum )

Garlic, or Allium sativum L., is another plant from the lily family, commonly known for its strong smell and flavor. It's been used in traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine for a long time. Garlic contains specific compounds that give it its odor and taste, and these compounds have various health benefits. They can fight bacteria, fungi, viruses, and act as expectorants and antihistamines.

Kalamegha (Andrographis paniculata)

Andrographis paniculata, also known as King of Bitters, is valued for its medicinal properties in various traditional medicinal systems, including Indonesian traditional medicine. Ground leaves of this plant, when mixed with honey, are administered for TB treatment, reflecting its potential in combating the disease.

Paalak (Spinacia oleracea )

Spinacia oleracea, commonly known as spinach, finds application in traditional medicine for TB treatment in Iraq. Decoctions prepared from spinach leaves are consumed orally to counteract weight loss associated with tuberculosis.

Ghod Tapre (Centella asiatica )

Centella asiatica, commonly known as Gotu Kola, is revered in Ayurveda and Indonesian traditional medicine for its wide-ranging medicinal properties. The whole plant is utilized for treating various ailments, including tuberculosis. Boiled water extracts of the ground plant are employed in TB treatment regimens.

Anantamool (Hemidesmus indicus )

Hemidesmus indicus, also known as Indian Sarsaparilla, is used in Ayurveda as an adjuvant therapy for TB. The root of this plant is incorporated into Rasayana formulations, complementing conventional TB treatments.

Tagare phul (Tabernaemontana coronaria)

Tabernaemontana coronaria, commonly known as Crepe Jasmine, is utilized in Malaysian traditional medicine for tuberculosis treatment. Leaves of this plant are employed in therapeutic preparations against TB.

Tad (Borassus flabellifer )

Borassus flabellifer, also known as Palmyra palm, is integrated into Ayurvedic formulations for TB treatment. Old cane jaggery derived from this plant is incorporated into liquid formulations administered during the intensive phase of TB treatment.

Chutro (Berberis aristata)

Berberis aristata, commonly known as Indian Barberry, is employed in Ayurveda as an adjuvant therapy for TB. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant are utilized for their hepatoprotective properties, supporting liver health during TB treatment.

Hattisunde jhar (Heliotropium indicum)

Heliotropium indicum, also known as Indian heliotrope, is utilized in Arabian Peninsula traditional medicine for TB treatment. Decoctions prepared from leaves, flowers, or roots of this plant are employed against tuberculosis.

Pahelo jhar (Nasturtium indicum )

Nasturtium indicum, commonly known as watercress, finds application in Indonesian traditional medicine for tuberculosis treatment. Boiled water extracts of all aerial parts of this plant are utilized in TB treatment regimens.

Guggul (Commiphora mukul )

Commiphora mukul, commonly known as Guggul, has a long history of use in Ayurveda. Commercial products derived from this plant are promoted for their potential in TB treatment.

Naag Kesar (Mesua ferrea)

Mesua ferrea, also known as Naag Kesar, is integrated into Ayurvedic formulations for TB treatment. Liquid formulations containing this plant are administered during the intensive phase of TB treatment.

hai er shen (seudostellaria heterophylla)

In Ayurveda, the roots of this plant are employed in the treatment of TB, reflecting a traditional approach to addressing the disease's symptoms and progression

Stellaria rubra Scop.:

The whole plant juice, noted for its richness in vitamin C, is utilized in managing weakness following illness, lung congestion, and TB, underlining its potential as a supportive therapy in TB treatment within Ayurvedic practices

Harro (Terminalia chebula)

Integrated into Bhringarajasava, a liquid formulation, Terminalia chebula is administered thrice daily, 30 minutes after meals during the intensive phase of TB treatment, showcasing its role in traditional Ayurvedic regimens

Rheoe plant (Rhoeo spathacea )

In Indonesia, the boiled water leaf extract of this plant is harnessed for its therapeutic potential in TB treatment, representing a regional herbal remedy for combating the disease

Bhringaraj, (Eclipta prostrata L.: )

Similar to Terminalia chebula, Eclipta prostrata finds its place in Bhringarajasava, administered as a liquid formulation during the intensive phase of TB treatment as per Ayurvedic principles

Kalambika (Pluchea indica)

Indonesian traditional medicine utilizes boiled water extracts from the leaves and roots of Pluchea indica as part of its arsenal against TB, indicating its significance in local healing practices

Haathi Kaane (Kalanchoe integra (Medik.) Kuntze: )

Within Ayurvedic traditions, the leaves of Kalanchoe integra are utilized in TB treatment, underscoring the diversity of plant-based remedies within traditional healing systems

KubhinDO (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.: )

Originating from the Philippines, this plant offers a remedy against TB, reflecting the localized knowledge and practices in combatting the disease (

Parwal (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.:)

Ayurveda incorporates the roots and fruits of Trichosanthes dioica into TB treatment, highlighting the extensive repertoire of plants utilized in traditional healing modalities

KHokali (Acalypha indica L.: )

In Ayurveda, the leaves of Acalypha indica serve various medicinal purposes, including expectorant properties, making them relevant in addressing respiratory ailments such as TB

Sajiyon (Jatropha curcas : )

Stem bark decoction of Jatropha curcas forms part of the oral regimen for TB treatment within Ayurvedic practices, indicating the plant's therapeutic potential in managing the disease

Sindoore (Mallotus philippensis )

Utilizing glandular trichomes and hairs from the fruit, Ayurvedic practices integrate Mallotus philippensis into TB treatment, showcasing the diverse botanical resources tapped for medicinal purposes

ASnder (Ricinus communis L.):

Boiled water extracts from the leaves and roots of Ricinus communis are utilized in TB treatment, illustrating the multifaceted approaches to harnessing plant-based remedies against the disease

Gandare (Hydnocarpus anthelminthica)

With seeds known for their efficacy against leprosy and TB in Chinese traditional medicine, Hydnocarpus anthelminthica exemplifies the rich pharmacological heritage of botanical resources

Kambumalinee (Canscora decussate)

The roots of Canscora decussata are utilized in TB treatment within Ayurvedic practices, highlighting the plant's therapeutic significance in traditional healing modalities

Dhusure (Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm.:)

This plant's leaves, fruits, and roots find application in TB treatment according to Ayurvedic principles, showcasing the diverse botanical arsenal harnessed in traditional healing practices

Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum L.:)

Known as Tulsi in Ayurveda, Ocimum sanctum leaves, flowers, and seeds are employed in TB treatment, reflecting the plant's revered status and therapeutic versatility in traditional medicine

NirgunDI (Vitex negundo L.: )

Utilized for TB treatment, Vitex negundo's leaves, seeds, and stem bark decoction form integral components of traditional healing practices across various cultures, emphasizing its widespread medicinal

Panikisanbhalu (Vitex trifolia L.:)

The leaves, roots, and fruits of Vitex trifolia contribute to TB treatment, with boiled water leaf extracts being specifically mentioned in Indonesian traditional medicine, highlighting the plant's adaptability across different regional healing traditions

Tejpatta (Cinnamomum cassia)

Powdered stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia is employed against cough and TB in Iraqi traditional medicine, showcasing the plant's medicinal versatility

Tejpatta (Cinnamomum tamala )

Integrated into Bhringarajasava, Cinnamomum tamala is administered as part of a liquid formulation during the intensive phase of TB treatment, reflecting its role in traditional Ayurvedic regimens .

Dalchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume):

Similarly, Cinnamomum zeylanicum is utilized in Bhringarajasava, administered as a liquid formulation during the intensive phase of TB treatment, indicating its importance in traditional Ayurvedic practices

KUmat (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd).

The leaves of Acacia senegal are employed in traditional medicine to address various respiratory issues, including cough, respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis, which are symptoms often associated with tuberculosis (TB) according to Ayurveda

Krishna CHaran (Caesalpinia pulcherrima )

In Ayurveda, both the leaves and flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima are utilized in the treatment of tuberculosis

Sappan (Caesalpinia sappan)

Indonesian traditional medicine employs a boiled water extract of chopped pieces of Caesalpinia sappan for tuberculosis treatment

BHatmase (Flemingia strobilifera )

Malaysian traditional medicine uses the leaves of Flemingia strobilifera to treat respiratory diseases, including symptoms associated with tuberculosis

JeTHimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra L. )

In both Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra are utilized in the treatment of tuberculosis. These roots are also incorporated into Rasayana capsules as part of adjuvant therapy for TB

Lajjawati (Mimosa pudica L. )

According to Ayurveda, both the leaves and roots of Mimosa pudica are used in the treatment of tuberculosis

Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. )

Various parts of Trigonella foenum-graecum, including oil, leaves, roots, and seeds, are used in Arabian Peninsula traditional medicine to suppress cough, treat asthma, pneumonias, and tuberculosis

Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus )

The roots of Asparagus racemosus are considered beneficial in tuberculosis, cough, and bronchitis according to Ayurvedic practices

Kapas PHul (Hibiscus tilliaceus)

In Indonesian traditional medicine, a boiled water extract of Hibiscus tilliaceus leaves is employed for tuberculosis treatment

Gurjo (Tinospora cordifolia )

Stems and leaves of Tinospora cordifolia are utilized in Ayurveda to alleviate general weakness and tuberculosis symptoms. They are also incorporated into Rasayana capsules as part of adjuvant therapy for

Gurjo (Tinospora crispa )

In Malaysia, the leaves of Tinospora crispa are employed in the treatment of tuberculosis

Neem (Azadirachta indica Juss. )

Ayurvedic medicine uses a leaf paste of Azadirachta indica against tuberculosis, administered orally twice a day

Jaiphal (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)

Ayurvedic medicine incorporates Myristica fragrans in Bhringarajasava, a liquid formulation administered thrice daily during the intensive phase of TB treatment

Hina (Myrtus communis )

In Ayurveda, the fruits of Myrtus communis are utilized in the treatment of tuberculosis

Lwaang (Syzygium aromaticum )

Similar to Myristica fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum is used in Bhringarajasava in Ayurvedic medicine during the intensive phase of TB treatment

Mayur Khutti (Helmintostachys zeylanica )

In the Philippines, Helmintostachys zeylanica is employed to treat tuberculosis

Amala (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)

The pericarp of Emblica officinalis is incorporated into Rasayana capsules as part of adjuvant therapy for tuberculosis in Ayurveda

Bhui Amala (Phyllanthus fraternus )

In Ayurveda, a freshly prepared decoction of aerial parts of Phyllanthus fraternus is utilized as adjuvant therapy for tuberculosis

Amala (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)

The fruit juice of Emblica officinalis is considered beneficial for cough, asthma, and tuberculosis according to Ayurveda

Debadar (Cedrus deodara Roxb. )

In Ayurveda, the leaves of Cedrus deodara are used in tuberculosis treatment

Sallo (Pinus contorta Douglas) .

The inner bark of Pinus contorta is utilized in Ayurvedic medicine to treat tuberculosis

Sallo (Pinus pinea )

Arabian Peninsula traditional medicine utilizes leaves, roots, and stems of Pinus pinea in tuberculosis treatment

Pipla (Piper longum ) .

In Ayurveda, fruits of Piper longum are used in Rasayana capsules as adjuvant therapy for tuberculosis. They are also part of Bhringarajasava during the intensive phase of TB treatment

he utilization of medicinal plants in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) offers a promising avenue for both traditional and complementary medicine systems. Across various cultures and traditional medicinal practices, a plethora of plants have been identified and utilized for their therapeutic properties against TB symptoms. These plants, often deeply rooted in cultural and historical contexts, represent a rich source of potential treatments and adjunct therapies for TB management.

Through the synthesis of traditional knowledge and modern scientific research, numerous medicinal plants have been identified as having anti-TB properties. From Leguminosae (Fabaceae) to Piperaceae families, and from roots to leaves and fruits, each plant offers a unique combination of bioactive compounds that contribute to its efficacy in combating TB-related symptoms.

The diversity of medicinal plants used in TB treatment reflects the vast array of bioactive compounds present in nature, many of which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Additionally, the integration of these plants into various traditional medicine systems, such as Ayurveda and traditional Indonesian medicine, underscores their cultural significance and long-standing history of use in managing TB.

Moreover, the use of medicinal plants as adjuvant therapies in TB treatment, as seen in the incorporation of certain plants into Rasayana capsules or liquid formulations like Bhringarajasava, highlights their potential to complement conventional TB medications. This holistic approach not only addresses the physiological aspects of TB but also considers the overall well-being and immune support of individuals affected by the disease.

In conclusion, the exploration of medicinal plants for TB treatment holds immense promise for the development of novel therapeutics and complementary approaches to combat this global health challenge. Continued research into the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of these plants will further enhance our understanding and utilization of nature's pharmacy in the fight against tuberculosis.

Reference

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