100 Rare Medicinal Plants of Karnali Nepal! Impossible to Find Other place.

 

The Karnali region in Nepal boasts an unparalleled wealth of biodiversity, hosting an extraordinary array of rare medicinal plants that are virtually impossible to find elsewhere. This region, with its unique geographical and climatic conditions, provides a nurturing environment for the growth of diverse flora, each possessing distinct therapeutic properties deeply embedded in traditional knowledge.

 Among the 100 rare medicinal plants found in Karnali, each species contributes to the region's rich herbal legacy. These plants have been cherished by local communities for generations, offering remedies for various ailments and health challenges. The deep-rooted connection between the people of Karnali and these medicinal plants reflects a harmonious relationship between nature and human well-being.

 The list of rare medicinal plants in Karnali includes species with remarkable characteristics, from the elusive Himalayan Blue Poppy (Meconopsis horridula) to the endangered Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), known for its aphrodisiac and medicinal properties. Each plant has a story to tell, a history woven into the fabric of traditional healing practices and cultural heritage.

 In the Karnali region, the quest for these rare medicinal plants is not merely a botanical exploration but an immersion into the centuries-old wisdom passed down through generations. The intricate knowledge of local healers, often referred to as traditional healers or 'Amchis,' plays a crucial role in the sustainable harvesting and utilization of these precious resources.

 The biodiversity of Karnali extends beyond the commonly known herbs, encompassing unique flora that thrives in the region's diverse ecosystems, from alpine meadows to subtropical forests. These plants have adapted to the challenging climatic conditions of Karnali, developing distinct chemical compositions that contribute to their medicinal efficacy.

 Preserving and promoting the conservation of these rare medicinal plants is not only vital for the well-being of the local communities but also for the broader field of herbal medicine and scientific research. The potential discoveries hidden within Karnali's botanical treasures could hold the key to unlocking new therapeutic compounds and advancing medical knowledge.

 However, the challenge lies in balancing the need for traditional herbal knowledge with sustainable conservation practices. Efforts to protect these rare medicinal plants must align with the goals of community empowerment, environmental preservation, and ethical harvesting practices. This approach ensures that future generations can continue to benefit from the healing properties of Karnali's botanical wonders

Bongkar /  Bongnga karpo (Aconitum naviculare)

Aconitum naviculare, locally known as Bongkar or Bongnga karpo in the Himalayan region, is a small perennial herb with tuberous roots. Belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, this rare herb thrives in rocky slopes and Juniper scrub environments at elevations ranging from 4200 to 4900 meters, primarily in western-central Nepal. Its distribution extends from Nepal to Bhutan, with specific localities like Dho, Tsharkha, and Saldang harboring this unique botanical specimen.

Main Features:-

•          Leaves: Mostly basal, rounded-kidney-shaped, and palmately divided into 3-5 segments.

•          Flowers: 1-4, with slender pedicels, exhibiting a striking reddish-blue hue with darker veins. The spur is globose.

•          Follicles: Hairy, surrounded by persistent sepals.

Medicinal Use:-

The various parts of Aconitum naviculare, including root tubers, leaves, stems, and flowers, have been harnessed for their therapeutic properties. The herb is recognized for its bitter taste   and cooling potency . Indigenous communities have employed it in treating conditions like poisoning, fevers arising from toxic exposure, bile fever, and infections.

Toxicity:-

While possessing slight toxicity, the herb is detoxified before use. This precaution underscores the importance of careful handling and preparation. The traditional mode of use involves combining Aconitum naviculare with other herbs, creating a synergistic herbal blend to enhance its efficacy.

Collection of Herbs:-

Harvesting is a meticulous process, with tubers collected during September to October, and leaves, stems, and flowers gathered in July to August. Despite its rarity, the national threat status remains unknown. Locally, however, the herb is classified as vulnerable due to its limited distribution and the harvesting of the entire plant for medicinal purposes. Conservation efforts are imperative to safeguard the existence of this valuable botanical resource.

                   Bikh              (Aconitum spicatum )

Aconitum spicatum, commonly known as Nepal aconite, is a perennial herb belonging to the Ranunculaceae family. It thrives in open and damp places, forests, scrublands, and meadows at elevations ranging from 3300 to 4300 meters in the WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal region. The distribution of this herb spans from Nepal to Bhutan and extends to China, with specific localities including Jagdulla, Kagmara, Dokpa, Ringmo, and Pungmo.

Main Features:-

Aconitum spicatum exhibits distinctive features, making it easily identifiable. This perennial herb has paired tuberous roots and erect stems that can reach up to 2 meters in height. The leaves are deeply lobed, with ovate lobes further cut into toothed or pointed segments. The flowers are a captivating dark blue, violet, or white, tinged with purple, arranged in a dense terminal spike. The spur of the flower is recurved, and the follicles are hairy.

Features:-

This herb is common in its habitat and is found abundantly in the Himalayan region, from Nepal to Bhutan. Locally, it can be located in various areas such as Jagdulla, Kagmara, Dokpa, Ringmo, and Pungmo.

Flowering and Fruiting: Aconitum spicatum typically flowers from July to September, with the fruiting period extending from August to November.

Parts Used and Taste of Herbs:-The root tubers of Aconitum spicatum are utilized for their medicinal properties. The taste is characterized as sweet , and the potency is warm .

Medicinal Uses:-

The herb has been employed for addressing various health issues, including cough, bile fever, lung and intestine infections, headaches, as well as cuts and wounds.

Toxicity:-

It's crucial to note that the tubers of Aconitum spicatum are highly poisonous. However, they are detoxified before use by boiling with the extract of aru (Terminalia chebula Retz.).

Typical Use:-

In traditional practices, Aconitum spicatum is often used in combination with other herbs, creating a balanced and synergistic herbal blend to enhance its effectiveness.

Properties:-

The tubers of Aconitum spicatum contain alkaloids, including pseudaconitine and bikhaconitine.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of tubers typically takes place during September to October.

Conservation Status: On a national level, Aconitum spicatum is considered commercially threatened according to the IUCN classification. The tubers are even exported as a crude drug. Locally, the herb faces vulnerability due to extensive harvesting for trade, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts.

 

 

Bugleweed  (Ajuga lupulina Maxim)

Ajuga lupulina Maxim, commonly known as Bugleweed, belongs to the Labiatae family. Found in open slopes at elevations of 2200-4500 meters in Western-Central Nepal, it is distributed across Nepal, Northeast India, and China. Locally, it is abundant in Jagdulla, Pungmo, Ringmo, Dokpa, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

This erect or spreading, hairy perennial herb has oblanceolate to obovate, toothed, and hairy leaves. The flowers are white, 2-lipped, arranged in whorls forming dense, spike-like clusters. The pale yellow or blue bracts are ovate to elliptic, toothed, and densely overlapping, spreading much beyond the flowers.

Medicinal Use:-

Ajuga lupulina is utilized for various purposes, including treating skin problems, fever, sinusitis, menstrual disorders, epilepsy, swelling, and infections.

Toxicity: This herb is non-toxic, making it safe for use.

Typical Use:-

It is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts such as leaves, flowers, and seeds are harvested for medicinal purposes. 

Jangalilasun / Kagelasun /Lasune Sag (Allium carolinianum)

Allium carolinianum, a member of the Amaryllidaceae family, is a robust, bulbous herb known locally as Lunggok in Am, Rungmar, Gokpa, Dangsong Gokpa, Rukpa, Jimril in Km, and Jangalilasun, Kagelasun, Lasune Sag in Dn. This herb thrives on stony slopes at elevations ranging from 3300 to 5100 meters in WC Nepal. Its distribution spans Afghanistan, the Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal, and Central Asia, with specific localities like Pungmo, Ringmo, Dokpa, Bijer, and Saldang in Nepal.

Main Features:-

Allium carolinianum is characterized by its stout, bulbous onion-like structure. The large, oblong-cylindric bulbs are covered with conspicuous leathery scales. Several broad, flat, blunt, glaucous leaves emerge from the bulbs. The pink flowers are cylindrical, arranged in dense globular umbels on a stout stem, with petals shorter than stamens.

Circumstance:-

This herb is common in its habitat and is known to flower and fruit during July to August.

Parts Used:

Both bulbs and leaves of Allium carolinianum are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste profile includes sweetness and acridness , with a warming potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

Allium carolinianum serves as a digestive, stimulant, and tonic. It is employed in treating wind diseases, toothaches, earaches, and headaches. Additionally, the plant is consumed as a vegetable or spice.

Toxicity:

Allium carolinianum is considered non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

It is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:-

Leaves are typically harvested during July to August.

   Champa metog    (Anaphalis triplinervis)

 Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C.B. Clarke, specifically the var. monocephala (DC.) Airy Shaw or Anaphalis monocephala DC., belongs to the Compositae family and is known by various vernacular names like Tayung, Pang tsampaka, Suka tayung, Ngo pangtsi dho wo, and Champa metog. This dwarf, tufted, and woolly-haired perennial herb thrives in open slopes and rocky areas at elevations of 3400-5500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalaya, South China, and Taiwan, with local concentrations in Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

•          Dwarf, tufted, woolly-haired perennial herb.

•          Leaves are narrow-lanceolate and white-woolly.

•          Flowers form heads, either solitary or few, on an erect stem.

•          Involucral bracts are white, acute, and spreading.

•          Disk-florets are yellow.

Circumstance:-

Abundant in its native habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The plant blooms from June to September.

Parts Used: Flowers, leaves, and stems.

Taste of Herbs:- Bitter   Neutral  

Medicinal Use:-

Anaphalis triplinervis is employed in treating fever, chest pain, inner bleeding, and is utilized in heat therapy and moxibustion. Additionally, the plant holds religious significance and is offered during ceremonies.

Toxicity: Non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

Typically used in combination with other herbs.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are harvested during August to September. 

Gatiknakpo or Gatik chungwa (Androsace strigillosa)

 Androsace strigillosa, commonly known as Gatiknakpo or Gatik chungwa, belongs to the Primulaceae family. This tufted herb thrives in forest edges, shrubberies, and open slopes at elevations ranging from 2400 to 4700 meters in western-central Nepal. Its distribution spans from Nepal to Bhutan, with specific localities including Tshepka, Pungmo, Ringmo, Dokpa, and Dho.

Main Features:-

The herb is characterized by an erect, tufted structure with a branched rootstock. Its elliptic leaves, stalked and arranged in whorls, vary in size. The flowers, either white or pink, form a lax umbel on elongated, slender stalks.

Circumstance:-

Androsace strigillosa is abundant in its habitat, contributing to the biodiversity of the region.

Medicinal Use:-

The flowers and leaves of Androsace strigillosa are used for their therapeutic properties. Recognized for its bitter taste   and cooling potency , it is employed in treating fever, lymph fluid disorders, and body swellings.

Toxicity and Typical Use:-

Androsace strigillosa is non-toxic, making it a safe herb for medicinal purposes. It is often used in combination with other herbs for enhanced efficacy.

Collection Of Herbs:-

 Flowers and leaves are harvested during August to September, ensuring the optimal time to capture the medicinal benefits of the plant.

Conservation Status:

 While the herb is abundant in its natural habitat, conservation efforts are still crucial to maintain the delicate balance of the ecosystem. Sustainable harvesting practices and awareness about the significance of these herbs contribute to their long-term survival 

Subka / Subka karpo (Anemone rivularis)

Anemone rivularis, commonly known as Subka or Subka karpo, is a perennial herb belonging to the Ranunculaceae family. This herb is abundantly found in streamsides, cultivated fields, shrubberies, and meadows, thriving at elevations ranging from 1600 to 4000 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Kashmir to Nepal in the Himalaya, and it can also be found in China, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Locally, Anemone rivularis is prevalent throughout the Suligad, Jagdulla, and Thuli Bheri valleys.

Main Features:-

 Anemone rivularis include a woody rootstock, ternate leaves with broadly elliptic or rhombic leaflets that are further cut and toothed, and silky-haired. The involucre segments are narrowly linear, and the white flowers are long-stalked, borne terminally. The achenes are elliptic and hairless, with hooked styles.

Anemone rivularis is in bloom from May to August, with fruiting occurring from July to September. The parts of the plant used for medicinal purposes are its fruits and seeds. The taste is characterized as bitter   and acrid , with a warming potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

Anemone rivularis is employed in treating liver and bile disorders, indigestion, cough, cold, and fever. It is known to generate digestive heat and dry lymph fluid.

Toxicity:

This herb is considered non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional medicine practices.

Typical Use:-

Anemone rivularis is typically used in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Properties:-

The plant contains betulinic acid and saponins, including rivularinin and anemonin.

Collection of Herbs:-

Fruits and seeds are harvested during September to October for medicinal purposes. 

Great Burdock  (Arctium lappa)

Arctium lappa, commonly known as Common or Great Burdock, is an erect biennial herb belonging to the Compositae family. Thriving in shrubberies, open slopes, and forest clearings at elevations of 2000-4000 meters in WC Nepal, it is distributed throughout Eurasia and locally found in Mukroman, Jagdulla, and Phoksundo areas.

Main Features:-

The plant stands tall at 1.2 meters, with ovate-cordate leaves exhibiting undulate margins and a cottony underside. Flower-heads are globose, forming in terminal clusters, with involucral bracts featuring rigid awl-like barbed tips. The corolla and stamens showcase a purple-pink hue.

Medicinal Use:-

Arctium lappa is used to address channel disorders and wind fever. The plant paste finds application for blisters, burns, ulcers, and pimples. Additionally, the seeds are considered digestive and employed for conditions like gall and kidney stones.

Toxicity:-

The herb is not known for severe toxicity. However, prudent use, especially in conjunction with other herbs, is recommended.

Properties:-

Roots contain inulin, tannins, and volatile oil. Fruits harbor arctiin and arctigenin.

Collection of Herbs:-

Fruits and seeds are typically harvested during September to October.

Dhawa  (Arisaema flavum)

Arisaema flavum, commonly known as Dhawa, is a monoecious tuberous herb belonging to the Araceae family. This herb thrives in open places, rocky slopes, and cultivated land at elevations ranging from 1800 to 4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Afghanistan to Bhutan in the Himalaya region and includes Western China. Locally, it is found in various areas, including Pungmo, Ringmo, Jagdulla, Mukroman, Kaigaon, and Pahada.

Main Features:-

Arisaema flavum features 1-2 leaves that are pedate, with 5-11 oblong-lanceolate, pointed leaflets. The flowers are arranged in a very short, ellipsoid, greenish, or yellowish spadix, with a small, yellowish spathe.

Circumstance:-

This herb is abundant in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: Arisaema flavum blooms from May to July, and fruiting occurs from July to October.

Parts Used: The root tubers and flowers of Arisaema flavum are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-The herb is characterized by a hot taste and warming potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

1.        Tubers: Used in treating worm infestations, stomach pain, scabies, swelling, and bone diseases. Additionally, tubers are consumed as a vegetable.

2.        Flowers: Employed in addressing disorders of the uterus and menstrual disorders.

Toxicity:-

While slightly toxic, the herb is used after detoxification. Careful preparation ensures safe usage.

Typical Use:-

Arisaema flavum is often used in combination with other herbs for a synergistic effect.

Properties:-

Tubers contain starch and crystals of calcium oxalate.

Collection of Herbs:-

The tubers are carefully harvested during September to October.

Dhawa / Dhowa (Arisaema jacquemontii)

Arisaema jacquemontii, known as Dhawa or Dhowa, belongs to the Araceae family and is a dioecious, tuberous herb found in open places and forest clearings at elevations of 2700-4000 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Afghanistan to Bhutan, including the Himalayan region, NE India, and China. Locally, it is found in areas like Pungmo, Ringmo, Pahada, Kaigaon, Dokpa, and Jagdulla.

Main Features:-

This herb features digitate leaves with 5-9 narrow-elliptic to ovate long-pointed leaflets. The spathe is green, sometimes white-striped, with a long up-curved, tail-like tip, while the spadix is short, projected forwards only a short distance from the mouth.

Circumstance:-

Arisaema jacquemontii is abundant in its habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb typically flowers from June to August, and fruiting occurs from July to October.

Parts Used: The root tubers of Arisaema jacquemontii are utilized.

Taste of Herbs:-

The herb is characterized by a hot taste and warm potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

Arisaema jacquemontii is employed for treating various conditions, including worm infestation, chest infections, stomach pain, toothaches, rheumatism, and menstrual disorders. Additionally, the tubers are consumed as a vegetable.

Toxicity:-

While slightly toxic, the herb is used after detoxification to ensure safe consumption.

Typical Use:-

It is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Properties:-

The tubers of Arisaema jacquemontii contain starch, crystals of calcium oxalate, and the plant also contains ariseminone.

Collection of Herbs:-

Tubers are typically harvested during September to October.

Maharangi (Arnebia benthamii)

Arnebia benthamii, a member of the Boraginaceae family, goes by various vernacular names such as Dimok (Am), Koma, Muktsi (Km), and Maharangi (Dn, Np). This hairy perennial herb thrives in dry open slopes at elevations ranging from 2800 to 4300 meters in Western Nepal. Widely distributed in the Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal, it is locally found in specific areas like Jagdulla, Dokpa, and Phoksundo.

Main Features:-

 Arnebia benthamii include a hairy perennial nature, a stout rootstock covered with bases of old leaves, linear to narrow-lanceolate bristly hairy leaves, and red-purple flowers arranged in a dense hairy cylindrical spike. The flowers boast much longer, linear, grey, and hairy drooping bracts, borne on a stout leafy stem.

Although considered rare, Arnebia benthamii flowers from May to July. The rootstocks are the vital part used, offering a taste of both sweetness and bitterness   with a cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

Arnebia benthamii has been traditionally employed for various health issues. It is used in the treatment of blood disorders, high blood pressure, fever, lung diseases, cough, body aches, and earaches. The extract of rootstocks, when mixed with hair oil, is applied to cure dandruff. Additionally, the rootstocks yield a purple dye used for coloring wool.

Toxicity:

Arnebia benthamii is non-toxic, making it a safer option in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:

It is utilized singly or in combination with other herbs, showcasing its versatility in traditional healing practices.

Properties:-

The plant contains essential oil, and the root yields a purple dye, indicating the presence of beneficial compounds that contribute to its medicinal and dye-producing properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

Rootstocks are harvested during November to December, emphasizing the importance of timing for optimal medicinal and dye-yielding properties. The sustainable harvesting of Arnebia benthamii is crucial to maintain its availability for traditional uses and conservation efforts.

 

Ban kurilo /  Satawari     (Asparagus filicinus)

Asparagus filicinus, commonly known as Wild Asparagus, belongs to the Liliaceae family. It goes by vernacular names like Nye shing (Am), Gaja tugtug, Rapuk (Km), Ban kurilo, and Satawari (Dn, Np). This resilient herb is predominantly found in forests and shrubberies at elevations ranging from 2100 to 3000 meters in West-Central Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalaya, from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh, extending to NE India, Myanmar, China, Indo-China, and Thailand. Locally, it can be observed in Suligad and Jagdulla valley within the 2200-3400m range.

Main Features:- Asparagus filicinus is an erect perennial or twiner without spines, characterized by tuberous roots. Its flat cladodes, curved in clusters of 2-6, define its appearance. The flowers, either white or greenish to reddish-green, are solitary or paired, emerging on slender stalks in the axils of cladode whorls. The plant bears black, globose berries.

Circumstance:- This wild asparagus is a common sight in its native habitats.

Flowering & Fruiting: Asparagus filicinus typically flowers from May to July, with fruiting occurring between June and October.

Parts Used: The root tubers of this herb are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-The taste profile includes both sweet and bitter   notes, with a warm  potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

Asparagus filicinus serves diverse medicinal roles. It is employed for lactation, addressing weakness, managing excessive menstrual bleeding, nasal bleeding, diarrhea, dysentery, and skin diseases. Additionally, it functions as a diuretic, tonic, and detergent for washing hair and wounds.

Toxicity:

Remarkably, this herb is non-toxic, enhancing its safety for traditional use.

Typical Use:-

Asparagus filicinus can be used singularly or in combination with other herbs to maximize its benefits.

Properties:-

The tubers of this asparagus variety contain mucilage and furostanosides, specifically filicinoside-A & B.

Collection of Herbs:-

Tuber harvesting is a selective process carried out during October to November, targeting mature plants to ensure sustainability

Kheldar / Ankhe phul  (Aster diplostephioides)

Aster diplostephioides, a robust shaggy-haired perennial herb, belongs to the Compositae family and is known by various vernacular names such as Metog lugmig, Ming-chen serpo, Kheldar, and Ankhe phul. Thriving in open slopes and meadows at elevations between 3200 to 4900 meters, particularly in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, its distribution spans the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Bhutan and extends into western China. Locally, it can be found in areas like Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

 Aster diplostephioides include oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate leaves, entire and narrowed to the base. The flower-heads are large and solitary, with bluish to lilac ray florets that spread or reflex, and obscurely 3-toothed disk florets initially blackish, later turning orange. The involucral bracts are leafy and lanceolate.

This herb is common in occurrence, with flowering and fruiting observed from July to September. The plant parts used include leaves, stems, and flowers, each contributing to its medicinal properties. The taste is bitter   with cooling potency .

Medicinal Use:-

Aster diplostephioides has a range of traditional uses, including treating back pain, chest pain, paralysis, poisoning, fever, and wounds. It is also employed to address sores, and its unique property involves joining nerves.

Toxicity:

The herb is non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional medicine practices.

Typical Use:-

Typically, Aster diplostephioides is used in combination with other herbs, creating synergistic effects that enhance its therapeutic benefits.

Collection of Herbs:-

Harvesting is a selective process, with plant parts collected from mature plants during August to September. This ensures the sustainability of the herb's availability while respecting its natural growth and regeneration cycle.

Tongkhor (Aster stracheyi)

Aster stracheyi, belonging to the Compositae family, is a fascinating dwarf perennial herb with a wide range of applications in traditional medicine. Commonly known as Metog lug-mig or Metog lugmig dol ngon tongkhor, this herb thrives in rocky environments and open slopes at elevations ranging from 2900 to 4700 meters in western-central Nepal. Its distribution extends from Kulu to Bhutan, with specific localities like Pungmo, Kagmara, and Jagdulla harboring this unique botanical specimen.

Main Features:-

Aster stracheyi is characterized by its dwarf stature, featuring creeping stems. The leaves are mostly basal, obovate-spathulate, and toothed. The lilac flower-heads are solitary and borne on almost leafless flowering stems, creating a visually striking appearance.

Circumstance:-

This herb is common in its native habitat, flourishing in the challenging conditions of high-altitude rocky slopes.

Medicinal Use:-

Aster stracheyi is highly valued for its medicinal properties. The leaves and flowers are utilized in various traditional remedies. The herb's taste profile is described as bitter   with a cooling potency .

Applications in Traditional Medicine:

1.        Wounds: The herb is employed in the treatment of wounds, showcasing its potential for supporting the healing process.

2.        Poisoning: Aster stracheyi plays a role in traditional antidotes, particularly in cases of poisoning. Its application underscores the rich pharmacopeia of traditional medicine in the region.

3.        Contagious Fever: In the realm of contagious fevers, this herb is recognized for its therapeutic benefits. Traditional healers leverage its properties to address symptoms associated with infectious illnesses.

4.        Headache: The herb is also a component in remedies aimed at alleviating headaches, providing relief from this common ailment.

Toxicity:

Aster stracheyi is considered non-toxic, ensuring its safe inclusion in traditional medicinal formulations.

Typical Use:-

In traditional practices, Aster stracheyi is seldom used in isolation. Instead, it is often combined with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness. This synergistic approach is a hallmark of traditional medicine, where the combination of various botanicals is believed to yield comprehensive health benefits.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of Aster stracheyi involves a selective approach, with plant parts being collected from mature specimens during the months of August to September. This meticulous harvesting process ensures the sustainability of the herb's presence in its natural habitat. 

Berberry / Nepal berberry (Berberis aristata)

Berberis aristata, commonly known as Berberry or Nepal berberry, belongs to the Berberidaceae family. This shrub, thriving in shrubberies and rocky slopes at elevations of 1800-3500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, is distributed in the Himalaya from Himachal Pradesh to Bhutan. Localized in Suligad and Jagdulla valleys (2500-3800 m), it is characterized by a height of 1-3 meters, with or without spines.

Main Features:-

The leaves are sub-sessile, ovate to elliptic, clustered, and either entire or toothed near the apex. The flowers, yellow and in drooping racemes, give way to ovoid, blue-purple, or red fruits.

Circumstance:-

Berberis aristata is common in its habitat, flowering from April to July and fruiting from July to November.

Parts Used: Leaves, flowers, fruits, and bark are utilized for their medicinal properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste is sour and bitter  , with cooling  and coarse potency.

Medicinal Use:-

This herb is employed in treating eye diseases, bile disorders, lymph disorders, swelling, and dysentery. The flowers and fruits are consumed raw, with fruits serving as a substitute for kyuru (Phyllanthus emblica L.).

Toxicity:

Berberis aristata is non-toxic to slightly toxic, ensuring its safe use.

Typical Use:-

It can be used singly, especially in treating eye diseases, or mixed with other herbs for various applications.

Properties:-

The root bark contains alkaloid berberine, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are harvested from mature plants during May to September, ensuring the collection of potent and beneficial components.

Rockfoil (Bergenia ciliate)

Bergenia ciliata, commonly known as Rockfoil, belongs to the Saxifragaceae family and thrives in moist rock ledges and shady places at elevations ranging from 900 to 3600 meters in western-central Nepal. Its distribution spans Afghanistan, the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, China, and northeastern India. Localized in regions like Jagdulla, Suligod, and Thuli Bheri Valleys, this perennial herb is identifiable by its thick, stout, creeping rootstocks or rhizomes.

Main Features:-

The leaves of Bergenia ciliata are rosetted, short-petioled, orbicular, or obovate, with a bristle margin. Its flowers, ranging in color from white and pink to purple, are borne in spreading or dense terminal clusters. The capsules are round.

Circumstance:-

This herb is common and flourishes during the flowering season from March to June.

Medicinal Use:-

Utilized for addressing various health concerns, Bergenia ciliata is employed in treating vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, indigestion, and bile and liver disorders.

Toxicity: Bergenia ciliata is non-toxic and safe for use in traditional medicine.

Taste of Herbs:-

With an acrid and astringent taste, the herb possesses a cooling potency .

Typical Use:-

Typically, Bergenia ciliata is used in combination with other herbs, creating synergistic herbal blends to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Properties:-

The rootstocks of Bergenia ciliata contain wax, gallic acid, tannin, bergenin, and mucilage, contributing to its medicinal properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

Rootstocks are selectively harvested from mature plants during October to November, ensuring sustainability and responsible harvesting practices.

Pangram  / Rambu  / Myakuri (Bistorta affinis)

Bistorta affinis, a fascinating herb belonging to the Polygonaceae family, goes by various vernacular names such as Pangram, Rambu, and Myakuri. Thriving in open slopes, rocks, and screes at elevations ranging from 3000 to 4800 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, this perennial herb has a widespread distribution from Afghanistan to China, including the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Nepal.

Main Features:-

Bistorta affinis is characterized by its tufted mat-forming habit, prostrate woody rootstock, and an erect flowering stem. The leaves are mostly basal, elliptic-lanceolate, and either entire or finely toothed, with a glaucous underside. The vibrant red flowers are arranged in a dense raceme.

Circumstance:-

Abundant in its habitat, Bistorta affinis is locally found in various regions, including Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Saldang, and Dho areas.

Medicinal Use:-

The roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Bistorta affinis are utilized for their therapeutic properties. The herb is employed for treating conditions like diarrhea and dysentery and is believed to contribute to increasing blood. Additionally, the roots are edible in their raw form, and the flowers hold cultural significance, being offered in monasteries during religious functions.

Taste of Herbs:-

Bistorta affinis exhibits a sweet and astringent taste, coupled with a warm potency.

Toxicity:

Remarkably, Bistorta affinis is non-toxic, making it a safe herbal option for traditional medicinal use.

Typical Use:-In traditional practices, Bistorta affinis is often combined with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

The plant parts, including roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits, are meticulously collected during the months of September to October.

Monbu  Lakang (Bistorta macrophylla)

Bistorta macrophylla, commonly known as Monbu or Lakang, is a small perennial herb belonging to the Polygonaceae family. Thriving in meadows at elevations of 2700-4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, this herb has a widespread distribution in the Himalayan region, from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan, NE India, and W & C China. Localized areas where it can be found include Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Dho, and Bijer.

Main Features:-

•          Bistorta macrophylla is characterized by its small, perennial nature, with thick fibrous rootstocks.

•          The lower leaves are ovate-lanceolate or linear and long-stalked, while the upper leaves are lanceolate or linear and sessile.

•          Flowers are pink or red, grouped in rounded or oval terminal racemes, borne on a slender erect, nearly leafless stem.

Circumstance:-

This herb is abundant in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: Bistorta macrophylla blooms from May to September.

Parts Used: Both the roots and fruits of Bistorta macrophylla are utilized.

Taste of Herbs:-

The roots have a sweet and astringent taste and are considered neutral ( in potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

•          Roots are employed for treating wind-related issues, lung and intestinal disorders, diarrhea, dysentery, and to increase blood.

•          Fruits are also used for managing diarrhea and promoting blood circulation.

•          The roots are not only medicinally valuable but are also consumed as a food source.

Toxicity:

Bistorta macrophylla is considered non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

Typically used in combination with other herbs to enhance therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

The roots and fruits are harvested during September to October.

 

Zomoshing (Caragana gerardiana)

Caragana gerardiana, commonly known as Zomoshing or Ji tser in Amharic and Thaling in Khmer, is a densely branched, very spiny shrub thriving in open dry slopes at elevations of 3000 to 4200 meters in West-Central Nepal. It is distributed in the Himalaya, specifically in Uttar Pradesh, India, and Nepal. Localities such as Pungmo, Ringmo, Dho, Saldang, Bijer, Shey, and Tsharkha are known for the presence of this botanical species.

Main Features:-

This shrub, reaching a height of 1.5 meters, is densely branched and very spiny. The leaves are pinnate, with 8-12 downy, oblanceolate leaflets. Spines, 1-4 cm in length, form from the rachis of old leaves. The flowers are solitary, yellow, and stalkless, with a hairy calyx. The pods are covered in dense grey hairs.

Circumstance:-

Caragana gerardiana is abundant in its natural habitat.

Medicinal Use:-

The stem of Caragana gerardiana is utilized for various medicinal purposes. Known for its astringent taste and cooling potency , it is employed in treating skin diseases, cough, blood disorders, high blood pressure, heart pain, and eye diseases. Interestingly, it is substituted for tsenden karpo (Santalum album L.), demonstrating its versatility in traditional medicine. Additionally, the flowers are consumed raw, and the plant serves as a source of firewood.

Toxicity and Collection of Herbs:-

Caragana gerardiana is non-toxic and is harvested during October.

Typical Use:-Typically used in combination with other herbs, Caragana gerardiana showcases its adaptability in traditional healing practices.

Doilu phul (Cicerbita macrorhiza)

Cicerbita macrorhiza, a perennial herb belonging to the Compositae family, is known by vernacular names such as Tsatri chok, Metok ngon-po Gyakhur ngombo, and Doilu phul. Thriving in open slopes and rocks at elevations of 1300-4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, its distribution spans from North Pakistan to Bhutan in the Himalayan region, including Kashmir, Myanmar, and China. Locally, it is found in Pahada, Kaigaon, Jagdulla, Dokpa, Pungmo, and Ringmo areas.

Main Features:-

of Cicerbita macrorhiza include woody rootstocks, branched prostrate or pendulous stems, and pinnately lobed leaves with rounded lobes. The terminal lobe is the largest, and lower leaves have a winged or smooth leaf-stalk. The mauve to blue flowers are in heads, with heads often drooping.

Circumstance:-

This herb is common in its habitat and is found flowering and fruiting from July to September.

Parts Used: Leaves and flowers of Cicerbita macrorhiza are utilized for their therapeutic properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

The herb has a bitter   and sweet taste, with cooling potency .

Medicinal Use:-

Cicerbita macrorhiza is employed in treating liver and bile disorders, as well as fevers resulting from poisoning.

Toxicity:

This herb is non-toxic, making it safe for traditional medicinal use.

Typical Use:-

It is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are carefully collected during July to September for medicinal use.

Imong nag po (Clematis tibetana)

Clematis tibetana, a member of the Ranunculaceae family, is a prominent herbaceous plant found in the Western-Central region of Nepal. It thrives along the edges of fields, riversides, and shrubberies at elevations ranging from 1700 to 4000 meters. The distribution of this herb extends across the Himalayan region, including Uttar Pradesh in India and parts of China, specifically Xizang. Locally, it can be observed along the edges of the Suligad and Bheri rivers, as well as in Khanigaon, Saldang, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

This herb is characterized by its large climbing shrub structure. The leaves are pinnate, featuring 5-7 ovate to narrow-lanceolate leaflets that are either entire or deeply 2-5-fid. The flowers, which bloom from July to September, are bell-shaped, yellow to yellowish-green, and may be flushed or spotted with rusty-brown on the outside. The flowers are typically axillary, occurring either singly or in clusters of 2-3, with long pedicels.

Circumstance:-

 Clematis tibetana is a common presence in its native habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The blooming period for this herb is from July to September.

Parts Used: Various parts of the Clematis tibetana plant are utilized for medicinal purposes, including leaves, stems, and flowers.

Taste of Herbs:-The taste profile of this herb ranges from acrid to slightly sweet , and it possesses a warm potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

Clematis tibetana is employed in traditional medicine for addressing conditions such as cold tumors, coughs, colds, indigestion, and joint pain.

Toxicity: This herb is considered non-toxic, ensuring its safe usage.

Typical Use:-It can be used singularly or in combination with other herbs for enhanced effectiveness.

Collection Of  Herbs:-

 The harvesting of Clematis tibetana typically takes place during August to September.

 

Metok / Puldon-yen (Codonopsis convolvulacea)

Codonopsis convolvulacea, a member of the Campanulaceae family, is a perennial twinning herb found in agricultural fields and shrubberies at elevations of 2200-4200 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans from Nepal to Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, and W. China, with local findings in Riyanchi, Pungmo, Ringmo, Jagdulla, Kaigaon, and Pahada areas.

Main Features:-

This herb features ovate to broadly lanceolate leaves, either entire or toothed. Its large, bell-shaped flowers are blue with a reddish ring within, and the top-shaped capsule persists with the calyx.

Circumstance:-

Codonopsis convolvulacea is abundant in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The flowering season occurs in August to September.

Parts Used: Both fruits and roots are utilized for their medicinal properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

The fruits exhibit a sweet and astringent taste, with a neutral.

Medicinal Uses:-

1.        Fruits: Employed in treating poisoning and fever.

2.        Roots: Used for ailments such as cough and cold, fever of the windpipe, diseases of the stomach, spleen, bones, and loss of energy.

Toxicity:

Codonopsis convolvulacea is considered non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

Typically, it is used in combination with other herbs for a synergistic effect.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts, including fruits and roots, are harvested during September to October. 

Dakya habo (Corallodiscus lanuginosus)

Corallodiscus lanuginosus, belonging to the Gesneriaceae family, is a small herb with the vernacular name "Dakya habo." It thrives in rocky habitats at elevations ranging from 1000 to 3400 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Widely distributed in the Himalaya from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan and NE India, it is locally found in Suligad, the lower part of Phoksundo, and Pahada areas.

Main Features:-

This herb is characterized by its small size, with basal leaves arranged in a rosette. The leaves have an ovate blade and a toothed or entire margin. The flowers are pale purple or white, tubular, 2-lipped, and long-stalked, forming a lax terminal cluster. The cylindrical capsule has a persistent style.

Circumstance:-

Corallodiscus lanuginosus is common in its habitat, particularly in rocky regions.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb typically flowers from July to September.

Parts Used: The whole plant of Corallodiscus lanuginosus is utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

It is characterized by a bitter   and astringent taste, with a cooling  potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

The herb is traditionally used for treating poisoning, diarrhea, kidney problems, and wounds.

Toxicity:

Corallodiscus lanuginosus is non-toxic, making it a safer option for medicinal use.

Typical Use:-

It is commonly used in combination with other herbs, showcasing the traditional approach of creating herbal blends for holistic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of Corallodiscus lanuginosus is typically done during September to October.

 

Yarsagumba (Yarsagumba)

Cordyceps sinensis, commonly known as Yarsagumba or Caterpillar fungus, belongs to the Clavicipitaceae family. This unique fungus thrives in alpine meadows at elevations ranging from 4500 to 5200 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. It is distributed in the Himalaya and China, with local concentrations in high alpine areas such as Dokpa, Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Majphal, Numla, Bagala, Dho, Bijer, and Saldang.

Main Features:-

 Cordyceps sinensis include its club-shaped, parasitic nature, which later becomes saprophytic on the insect larva after the larva's death. This fungus emerges from the anterior end of the larva of the caterpillar (swiftmoth) during the monsoon. The fructification is dark-brown, and the stalk is yellowish-white, measuring 5-8 cm in length.

Cordyceps sinensis is common in occurrence, with the season of fructification typically in May and June. The parts used include both the fungus and insect larva. It is characterized by a sweet taste and an oily (num) and warm  potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

Cordyceps sinensis is valued for its tonic and aphrodisiac properties. It is also used as a tonic for yaks and sheep. Non-toxic in nature, it is taken orally either alone or in combination with Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó, honey, and cow's milk for its tonic and aphrodisiac effects.

Properties:-

The plant contains cordycepic acid, cordycepin, and adenosine, contributing to its medicinal properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of Cordyceps sinensis is carried out during May to July, with meticulous care to ensure its potency and quality. The fungus is a valuable resource in traditional medicine, and its sustainable harvesting is crucial for the well-being of local ecosystems and communities.

 

Tongzil (Corydalis cashmeriana)

Corydalis cashmeriana is a slender perennial herb belonging to the Papaveraceae family. Known by vernacular names like Tongri zilpa and Tongzil in Amharic, Rekon ngonpo, and Ye khi in Khmer, this herb thrives in alpine screes and open slopes at elevations ranging from 2800 to 5500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan and extends into China, particularly Xizang. Localities like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Mukroman, Kagmara, and Pungmo host this rare botanical specimen.

Main Features:-

The plant features slender, unbranched stems emerging from a cluster of tuberous roots. Basal leaves are ternate, with 3-lobed leaflets, while stem leaves are one or two, smaller with narrow lobes. The flowers, in a terminal cluster, display a captivating sky-blue hue, with a slightly downward-curved spur.

Circumstance:-

Corydalis cashmeriana is considered rare, adding to its botanical significance.

Medicinal Use:-

 The whole plant is utilized for its bitter taste   and cooling potency . It finds application in treating chronic fever, bile fever, burns, and is sometimes used as a substitute for kapur (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.S. Presl.) in traditional medicine.

Toxicity:

This herb is non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional remedies.

Typical Use:-

Typically, Corydalis cashmeriana is employed in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

The plant is carefully harvested during July and August, aligning with its flowering period.

Tsikya  (Corydalis megacalyx)

Corydalis megacalyx is a small perennial herb belonging to the Papaveraceae family, known by various vernacular names such as Tongri-zilpa serpo, Tongzil serpo, Gudue serpo, Gudue, Rekon, Jafo tsitsi, Pegen, and Tsikya. This unique herb thrives in open slopes and screes at elevations ranging from 3600 to 5500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Notably, it is endemic to Nepal, with specific localities like Kagmara and Jagdulla hosting this botanical treasure.

Main Features:-

•          Small perennial herb with a long rootstock.

•          Leaves are pinnate, and leaflets are lobed or pinnately cut into minute, linear segments.

•          Flowers are yellow, striped with dark brown, clustered densely, and the spur is cylindric and straight.

Circumstance:-

Corydalis megacalyx is considered rare, emphasizing its limited distribution in the specified elevations.

Medicinal Use:-

The leaves, flowers, and the entire plant of Corydalis megacalyx are utilized for their therapeutic properties. It is recognized for its bitter taste   and cooling potency . Indigenous communities employ this herb in the treatment of chronic fever, liver disease, jaundice, bile fever, wounds, cold, ulcer, and blood disorders.

Toxicity:

Corydalis megacalyx is non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional remedies.

Typical Use:-

Typically, this herb is used in combination with other herbs, showcasing the synergistic effects of traditional herbal formulations. Additionally, it serves as a substitute for Corydalis cashmeriana in certain applications.

Collection of Herbs:-

The leaves and flowers of mature Corydalis megacalyx plants are harvested during June to July, while the entire plant is collected from dominant stocks during August to September. 

Ngonbu  (Cyananthus lobatus)

Cyananthus lobatus, a member of the Campanulaceae family, is a low-spreading perennial herb commonly known as Ngonbu. Thriving in meadows and shrubberies at elevations between 3300 to 4700 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, this herb is distributed across the Himalaya from Punjab to Bhutan, as well as in NE India and W China. It is locally found in various areas, including Jagdulla, Dokpa, Pungmo, Bijer, Saldang, and Dho.

Main Features:-

The leaves of Cyananthus lobatus are obovate to wedge-shaped and deeply lobed. Its bright blue-purple flowers are distinctive, with a conspicuous calyx covered in short blackish hairs, and the corolla tube is hairy in the throat.

Circumstance:-

This herb is common in its habitat, flourishing in the specified elevations.

Medicinal Use:-

The whole plant of Cyananthus lobatus is used for addressing lymph disorders. The flowers, when mildly rubbed, are applied for chapped lips. Additionally, they are offered during religious ceremonies.

Toxicity: Cyananthus lobatus is non-toxic, making it safe for traditional use.

Typical Use:-

It is typically used in combination with other herbs, emphasizing the synergistic effects of herbal blends.

Collection of Herbs:-

Harvesting is done during the period from August to November, ensuring the collection of the plant at an appropriate stage.

 

Dhugmo nyung ( Cynanchum canescens)

Cynanchum canescens, commonly known as Ngo dhugmo nyung, is an erect perennial herb belonging to the Asclepiadaceae family. This herb is prevalent in forests, open slopes, and wastelands at elevations ranging from 2300 to 3600 meters in the western-central region of Nepal. Its distribution spans across Southwest Asia, Pakistan, Afaghanistan, the Himalaya region including Kashmir, Nepal, and Bhutan, as well as parts of India, China, and Russia. In local areas like Pungmo, Ringmo, Bijer, Nyisal, and Langkar, this herb is commonly found.

Main Features:-

•          Erect perennial herb with opposite leaves that are short-stalked, broadly elliptic to ovate, and acute.

•          Small, yellowish-green flowers arranged in terminal and axillary umbels.

•          Cylindrical fruits broader at the base and tapering gradually to the apex.

Circumstance:-

Cynanchum canescens is a common herb, especially in the specified elevations. It typically flowers from May to July and produces fruits from July to September.

Medicinal Use:-

The herb has a bitter taste   and cooling potency . It is traditionally employed for various medicinal purposes, including treating intestinal parasites, bile fever, cough, stomachache, diarrhea, dysentery, and earache. Additionally, the roots of this herb are edible.

Toxicity:-

While possessing medicinal properties, Cynanchum canescens is considered poisonous. Therefore, it is crucial to use it cautiously and in combination with other herbs. The traditional mode of use involves incorporating it into herbal blends to enhance its effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:-

The fruits of Cynanchum canescens are typically collected during September to October.

  

Khu juk pa (Cypripedium himalaicum)

Cypripedium himalaicum, commonly known as Lady's-slipper orchid, belongs to the Orchidaceae family. It is locally referred to as Khu juk pa and thrives in open slopes and shrubberies at elevations ranging from 3000 to 4800 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. The distribution of this orchid spans the Himalayan region, from Nepal to Bhutan, and extends into China, particularly in Xizang. Local sightings include Jagdulla, Kagmara, and Dokpa areas.

Main Features:-

Cypripedium himalaicum is an erect terrestrial orchid with stems featuring several sheaths at the base. It typically has 3-4 elliptic to lanceolate leaves. The distinctive flowers exhibit a broadly ovoid pendent bag-like lip with a wavy to crenate mouth, streaked with purple. Petals and sepals are green with red veins, and the upper sepal is broadly ovate. Notably, the bracts are leafy and larger than the flower.

Circumstance:-

This orchid is considered rare in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: Cypripedium himalaicum typically blooms from June to July.

Parts Used: The entire plant, including stems, leaves, and flowers, is utilized for its medicinal properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

It carries a sweet taste and is characterized by a cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

Cypripedium himalaicum is employed for various health concerns, including blocked channels, urine retention, and stone diseases. Additionally, it finds application in addressing heart issues, chest disorders, and cough.

Toxicity:-

This orchid is deemed non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

It is often combined with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

The plant is selectively collected during August to September, emphasizing sustainable harvesting practices to preserve its ecological balance.

Wangpo lagpa / Hathejara  (Dactylorhiza hatagirea)

Dactylorhiza hatagirea, commonly known as Wangpo lagpa or Hathejara, belongs to the Orchidaceae family. This terrestrial orchid thrives in damp places and open slopes at elevations ranging from 2800 to 4000 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Bhutan, and it is locally found in areas like Pungmo, Ringmo, Kaigaon, and Jagdulla.

Main Features:-

Dactylorhiza hatagirea is characterized by its erect, terrestrial nature and palmately divided, fleshy tubers. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, while the rosy-purple flowers, spotted, form a dense cylindrical terminal spike on a robust leafy stem. The spur is stout and cylindrical, accompanied by leaf-like bracts.

Circumstance:-

Considered rare, this orchid blooms from June to July and bears fruit from July to September.

Parts Used: The root tubers are the primary parts used in traditional practices.

Taste of Herbs:-Dactylorhiza hatagirea is known for its sweet taste and warm potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

The root tubers are valued for their ability to increase regenerative fluid, vitality, and strength. They are employed in the healing of wounds, cuts, and burns. The roots with five or more tuberous divisions are considered superior to those with fewer divisions.

Toxicity:

This herb is non-toxic, adding to its safety for traditional use.

Typical Use:-

The root tubers can be used singularly or in combination with other herbs to enhance therapeutic effects.

Properties:-

Tubers of Dactylorhiza hatagirea contain essential components such as glucoside, starch, mucilage, albumen, volatile oil, among others.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of tubers is a selective process carried out in October, leaving young buds for the sustainability of the plant population. This careful approach ensures the preservation of this valuable herb in its natural habitat.

Bishadi Ghans  (Delphinium brunonianum)

Delphinium brunonianum, a member of the Ranunculaceae family, is a hairy perennial herb with a musky odor when fresh. Thriving in stony slopes, screes, and shrubberies at elevations of 3500-6000 meters in WC Nepal, it is distributed from Afghanistan to China (SE Xizang) within the Himalayan region. Locally found in Kagmara and Pungmo areas, its diagnostic characteristics include slender rootstock, glandular pubescent erect stems, and large, blue to purple flowers with broad, straight, and blunt spurs arranged in a few-flowered raceme.

Medicinal Use:-

The plant's leaves, stems, and flowers are used for various medicinal purposes. Recognized for its bitter taste   and cooling potency , it is employed to treat fever, appetite loss, headache, dysentery, body swelling, and wounds. Additionally, it is used for dysentery and ticks in cattle, serving as a substitute for musk.

Toxicity:-

Delphinium brunonianum is poisonous, and detoxification involves slightly boiling the plants in the extract of aru (Terminalia chebula Retz.).

Typical Use:-

It is used singly or in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Properties:-

The plant contains various compounds such as brunonin, delbrunine, delbruline, delbrusine, lappaconitine, N-deacetyllappaconitine, etc.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are selectively collected from matured plants during August to September.

Occurrence and Rarity: The herb is considered rare, adding to its significance and the need for conservation efforts to ensure its availability for traditional medicinal practices.

  

Jakang (Delphinium cf. caeruleum)

Delphinium cf. caeruleum, commonly known as Jakang or Metok jakang, belongs to the Ranunculaceae family. This perennial herb is found in grassy and rocky slopes at elevations ranging from 3000 to 5800 meters in western-central Nepal. Its distribution extends from Pakistan to the Himalayas (Kunawar to Bhutan) and China (Xizang). Locally, it is distributed in Bheri valley, Khanigaon, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

Delphinium cf. caeruleum is a much-branched perennial herb with large lower leaves, long petioles, and gradually reduced upper leaves with shorter petioles. The lamina is sub-orbicular, deeply cut into narrower, linear, acute, or sub-acute segments. The flowers are blue or violet, borne in racemes, with linear bracts and bracteoles. The spur is straight or slightly curved at the tip.

Circumstance:-

This herb is considered rare in its habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: Delphinium cf. caeruleum typically flowers from July to October.

Parts Used: The leaves and flowers of this herb are utilized.

Taste of Herbs:-

Delphinium cf. caeruleum has a bitter   and astringent taste, with a cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

The herb is employed in treating conditions such as diarrhea, intestinal fever, and wounds. It is known for its ability to dry up lymph fluid, pus, and blood. Additionally, it is used for lice extermination.

Toxicity:-

While slightly poisonous, the herb undergoes detoxification before use.

Typical Use:-

Delphinium cf. caeruleum is often used in combination with other herbs for maximum effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are selectively collected from matured plants during July to September. 

Jibkar (Dracocephalum heterophyllum)

Dracocephalum heterophyllum, known as Jibkar in Amharic and Atunmetok in Khmer, is an aromatic perennial herb belonging to the Labiatae family. Thriving in open slopes and shrubberies at elevations of 3400-5500 meters in western-central Nepal, it is distributed in Turkestan, the Himalaya (from Kashmir to Sikkim), and China (Xizang). Locally, it can be found in Bijer, Saldang, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

This herb features leathery, oblong-ovate leaves and white or tinged mauve or pink flowers in dense leafy spikes. The corolla tube is inflated, while the calyx is broad, hairless, with bristle-like tips.

Circumstance:-

Dracocephalum heterophyllum is common in its habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb blooms from June to August.

Parts Used: The whole plant is utilized for medicinal purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

It possesses a sweet and bitter   taste with a cooling  potency.

Medicinal Use:-

The herb is employed to address liver diseases, fever, oral sores, and toothaches.

Toxicity:

 Dracocephalum heterophyllum is non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:

-It can be used singly or in combination with other herbs, showcasing its versatility in traditional remedies.

Collection of Herbs:-

Selective harvesting from matured stocks is done during September to October.

Oak leaf fern (Drynaria propinqua)

Drynaria propinqua, commonly known as the Oak leaf fern, is a fascinating fern belonging to the Polypodiaceae family. It thrives as an epiphyte on trees and mossy rocks in forests, particularly in the Western-Central region of Nepal, at elevations ranging from 800 to 3500 meters. Its distribution extends across the Himalaya, Northern India, Myanmar, China, the Malay Peninsula, and Thailand. Locally, it can be found in various places such as Jagdulla, Suligad, and throughout the Thuli Bheri valleys.

Main Features:-

This epiphytic fern boasts a creeping rhizome adorned with brown scales. Sterile fronds are small, sessile, and tend to turn brown with age, while fertile fronds are large, long-stalked, pinnately lobed, featuring a network of areoles. The sori, which are clusters of spore-forming structures, appear in a single row on either side of the main vein.

Circumstance:-

Drynaria propinqua is common in its habitat, showcasing its adaptability to epiphytic life on trees and mossy rocks.

Medicinal Use:-

The rhizomes of this fern are utilized for their bitter taste   and cooling potency . They are employed in treating food and meat poisoning, as well as fevers resulting from poisoning. Additionally, the fern is used in massages to alleviate pain caused by wounds.

Toxicity: Drynaria propinqua is considered non-toxic, making it a relatively safe herb for traditional medicinal use.

Typical Use:-

The herb can be used singly or in combination with other herbs, emphasizing its versatility in traditional medicinal practices.

Collection of Herbs:-

The rhizomes are the main part harvested for medicinal purposes. Careful harvesting practices are essential to ensure sustainability and the preservation of this valuable botanical resource.

 

Bhotepati (Elsholtzia eriostachya)

Elsholtzia eriostachya, commonly known as Jirug serpo in Amharic, Khun juk in Khmer, and Bhotepati in Nepali, belongs to the Labiatae family. This aromatic, erect, and annual herb thrives in open slopes, alpine meadows, and damp places at elevations ranging from 3000 to 4800 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, extending to India and SW China. Locally, it can be found in areas like Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

Elsholtzia eriostachya exhibits distinctive features, with 4-angled stems, oblong to lanceolate leaves that are toothed, softly hairy, or wooly beneath, and shortly stalked. The tiny yellow flowers are numerous and form terminal stout cylindrical shaggy-haired spikes.

Circumstance:-

This herb is abundant in its natural habitat.

Medicinal Use:- The whole plant of Elsholtzia eriostachya is employed for its medicinal properties. With an acrid and astringent taste, it is considered warm in potency. It is traditionally used for addressing intestinal parasites and various bacterial infections.

Toxicity: Elsholtzia eriostachya is non-toxic, making it a safe option in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

It can be used singly or in combination with other herbs, showcasing its versatility in traditional remedies.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of Elsholtzia eriostachya is typically done during September to October, ensuring that the plant is collected at the right stage for medicinal use.

Somlata (Ephedra gerardiana)

Ephedra gerardiana, a member of the Ephedraceae family, goes by various vernacular names such as Tshe, Tshedum, Kag-chhalo, Kagcharo, Sallejari, Somlata, and Soma. Thriving in open stony slopes and gravel terraces at elevations from 2400 to 5200 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, this tufted shrub is distributed from Afghanistan to the Himalaya, covering regions from Kashmir to Bhutan. It is locally found throughout the Thuli Bheri, Suligad, and Jagdulla valleys.

Main Features:-

This shrub stands out with its tufted growth habit, densely clustered erect branches, and scale-like, ovate leaves forming a sheath around the nodes. Male cones are ovate, with 4-8 flowers, while female flowers appear in opposite, sessile pairs at each node, enveloped by red, succulent bracts, each containing 2 ovules.

Circumstance:-

Ephedra gerardiana is abundant in its preferred habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The shrub displays its blossoms from May to June and bears fruit from July to September.

Parts Used: Stems and fruits are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The plant exhibits a combination of sweet and bitter   taste, contributing to its cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

 Ephedra gerardiana has a rich history of medicinal use. It is employed to address liver fever, fever resulting from the common cold, bleeding, blood pressure issues, and cuts. The fruits are known for their digestive properties, and the smoke from the plant is utilized for treating eye problems. Interestingly, the fruits serve as a substitute for kakola (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) according to traditional practitioners known as amchis.

Toxicity: While the shrub is slightly toxic, proper precautions are taken to mitigate potential risks. It is commonly used in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Properties:-

Ephedra gerardiana contains a spectrum of bioactive compounds, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, tannins, catechins, saponin, and essential oils.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of plant parts is typically carried out during September to October to ensure optimal medicinal properties.

Dhurji  (Euphorbia longifolia)

Euphorbia longifolia, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, is a tall, nearly hairless, perennial herb found in wastelands, cultivated areas, grazed slopes, and shady banks at elevations ranging from 1700 to 2900 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Nepal to Bhutan, with local occurrences in Kaigaon and Jagdulla areas.

Main Features:-

•          Leaves: Leathery, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceolate.

•          Flower Heads: Yellow, few in branched, flat-topped clusters, each with 3-4 rounded or broadly ovate pointed bracts.

•          Involucre: Bell-shaped glands, hairy within, with rounded lobes.

•          Fruits: Conical swellings.

Circumstance:-

Euphorbia longifolia is considered rare, adding to its botanical significance.

Medicinal Use:-

The roots of this herb are utilized for medicinal purposes, known for their bitter taste   and warming potency . It is employed in the treatment of constipation, hot and cold diseases, skin ailments, and bacterial infections.

Toxicity:-

While possessing toxicity, the herb is detoxified before use, emphasizing the importance of careful handling and preparation. It is commonly combined with other herbs to create a synergistic effect, enhancing its therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

Roots are selectively harvested from matured plants during November to December, ensuring sustainable harvesting practices.

 

Bhuin ainselu (Fragaria nubicola)

Fragaria nubicola, commonly known as Strawberry, is a prostrate perennial herb belonging to the Rosaceae family. Thriving in open, moist places at forest margins and shrubberies, this herb can be found at elevations ranging from 1600 to 4000 meters in western-central Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Bhutan, extending to northern Myanmar and western China. Locally, Fragaria nubicola is found in areas like Pahada, Dokpa, and Mukroman.

Main Features:-

This small, softly silky-haired herb has long runners rooting at nodes. The trifoliate leaves, arising from the rootstock, are obovate or elliptic and toothed. The flowers are white and appear on 1-3-flowered scapes. The globose fruits turn red when ripe.

Circumstance:-

Fragaria nubicola is common in its habitat, with flowering occurring from April to June and fruiting from June to August.

Parts Used: Leaves, flowers, and fruits of Fragaria nubicola are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The herb has a sweet taste and cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

1.        Menstrual Health: Fragaria nubicola is employed to check excessive bleeding during menstruation, contributing to women's reproductive health.

2.        Respiratory Ailments: It is beneficial in treating cough and cold, providing relief from respiratory discomfort.

3.        Anti-Inflammatory Properties: The herb is known for its anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in addressing inflammation of the nerves.

4.        Pulmonary Health: Fragaria nubicola aids in drawing out impure fluids from the lungs, promoting respiratory well-being.

5.        Veterinary Use: The herb finds application in addressing foot and mouth disease in cattle, showcasing its versatility.

Edible Fruits: The fruits of Fragaria nubicola are not only non-toxic but also edible, adding a culinary dimension to its uses.

Typical Use:-

Typically, Fragaria nubicola is used in combination with other herbs, emphasizing the synergistic benefits of herbal blends.

Collection of Herbs:-

Selective harvesting of plant parts, including leaves, flowers, and fruits, is carried out from matured plants during April to July, ensuring sustainability and preservation of the herb's natural habitat.

Pangyen thrabo (Gentiana nubigena)

Gentiana nubigena, a perennial herb belonging to the Gentianaceae family, is known locally as Pangyen thrabo or Pangyen ngonpo. Thriving in open slopes and meadows at elevations ranging from 4000 to 5600 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, this herb has a broader distribution in the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, extending to NW India and China. Specific localities include Pungmo, Bijer, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

The plant exhibits basal leaves that are spathulate to linear-oblong and blunt, characterized by their thickness and fleshy texture. Stem leaves are lanceolate and shorter. The flowers are yellowish-white, spotted with blue, and blue-ribbed outside, arranged in terminal and axillary stalked clusters. The corolla is funnel-shaped, and the calyx is tubular.

Circumstance:-

Gentiana nubigena is commonly found in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb typically flowers from August to October.

Parts Used: Both leaves and flowers are utilized for medicinal purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

It possesses a bitter taste   and cooling potency .

Medicinal Use:-

Gentiana nubigena is employed to address various health issues, including throat diseases, lung fever, chest pain, poor eyesight, and blood disorders.

Toxicity:

This herb is non-toxic, ensuring its safety for traditional medicinal use.

Typical Use:-

It is often combined with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are harvested from matured plants during the months of August to October.

Kyiche karpo (Gentiana robusta)

Gentiana robusta, commonly known as Kyiche or Kyiche karpo, is a perennial herb belonging to the Gentianaceae family. Thriving in open slopes and shrubberies at elevations of 3500-4000 meters in western-central Nepal, it is distributed in the Himalayan region, including Nepal and Sikkim. Locally, it can be found in areas like Pungmo and Ringmo.

Main Features:-

his herb is characterized by its robust, ascending stem and narrow-lanceolate leaves. The basal leaves are large, leathery, and fused at the base in a tubular sheath, while the uppermost leaves are shorter and broader at the base, forming a crowded involucre subtending the flowers. The flowers are creamy or greenish-white, either axillary or in dense terminal heads.

Circumstance:-

Gentiana robusta is considered rare, adding to its uniqueness and importance.

Medicinal Use:-

Utilized for its bitter taste   and cooling potency , various parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, and flowers, are employed in treating bile disorders, bile fever, liver fever, stomach and intestinal disorders, inflammation due to wounds, food poisoning, swelling, and joint pain.

Toxicity:

Gentiana robusta is non-toxic, making it a safe option for traditional medicinal use.

Typical Use:-

It is often combined with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects, showcasing the traditional approach of synergistic herbal combinations.

Collection of Herbs:-

The selective harvesting of plant parts is carried out from matured plants during the months of July to September, ensuring sustainability and ecological balance.

Ligadur  (Geranium donianum)

Geranium donianum, belonging to the Geraniaceae family, is a perennial herb with a slender stem. It thrives in open slopes and meadows at elevations of 3200-4800 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, with distribution extending from Nepal to Bhutan and China. Locally, it's found in Dokpa, Jagdulla, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

This herb features rounded leaves, deeply 5-9-lobed, with lobes incised into linear or lanceolate, acute segments. Paired pinkish-purple flowers with sepals adorned with whitish hairs are characteristic.

Circumstance:-

Geranium donianum is common in its habitat, particularly in the specified regions.

Flowering & Fruiting: The flowering period spans from June to August.

Parts Used: The roots of Geranium donianum are utilized for medicinal purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

With an acrid and sweet taste, this herb has a cooling potency .

Medicinal Use:-

The roots of Geranium donianum are employed in treating various conditions, including fever, bile disorders, cough, intestinal disorders, and joint pain. Additionally, it serves as an anthelmintic.

Toxicity:

Geranium donianum is considered non-toxic, ensuring its safety for use.

Typical Use:-

Typically, it is used in combination with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:- Roots are selectively harvested from matured plants during October to November.

 

Meadow cranesbill (Geranium pretense)

Meadow cranesbill, scientifically known as Geranium pratense and locally referred to as Ligadur or Ligadur ngonpo, is a perennial herb belonging to the Geraniaceae family. This herb thrives in open slopes and shrubberies at elevations ranging from 3000 to 4500 meters in western-central Nepal. Its distribution spans Europe, Central Asia, and the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Nepal, with specific localities like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho harboring this botanical treasure.

Main Features:-

•          Perennial herb with stems bearing spreading hairs.

•          Leaves divided into 5-7 ovate lobes, further cut into oblong acute toothed segments.

•          Flowers appear in pairs and display a bluish-purple hue.

•          Fruits are beaked.

Circumstance:-

Meadow cranesbill is abundant in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb blooms from June to August.

Parts Used: The entire plant, including the rhizomes, is utilized.

Taste of Herbs:-

It possesses a combination of bitter  , sweet , and astringent tastes, contributing to its cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

 Meadow cranesbill is employed in the treatment of various ailments, including cough and cold, lung diseases, eye diseases, fever, lymph fluid disorders, backache, joint pain, swelling of limbs, bile diseases, and stomach diseases.

Toxicity:

The herb is considered non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

Typically used in combination with other herbs, meadow cranesbill is integrated into traditional remedies.

Properties:-

The rhizomes of this herb contain jeranin, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

Rhizomes are selectively harvested during September to October, while above-ground parts are collected in July to August.

 

Tite (Halenia elliptica)

Halenia elliptica, a member of the Gentianaceae family, is a valuable herb known by various vernacular names like Chak tig, Cheh tig, and Tikta. Thriving in the edges of forests, open slopes, and damp places at elevations ranging from 2000 to 4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, this herb is distributed across Western Asia, the Himalayan region (from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan), Northeast India, Myanmar, and Northwest China. It is locally found in the lower parts of Phoksundo.

Main Features:-

This annual herb exhibits erect, hairless stems with a distinct 4-angled structure. The leaves are sessile, arranged oppositely, and narrow-elliptic or ovate. The small flowers come in shades of mauve, blue, or white, forming clusters in both axillary and terminal branches. Notably, four short blue spurs project backward and outward beyond the calyx, adding to its distinctive features. The plant's capsules are ovoid.

Occurrence and Rarity: Halenia elliptica is considered rare, further enhancing its significance in traditional practices.

Medicinal Use:-

The leaves and stems of this herb are utilized for their therapeutic properties. Known for its bitter taste   and cooling potency , it is traditionally employed in treating liver and bile diseases, fever, headaches, coughs, and colds.

Toxicity:

Remarkably, Halenia elliptica is non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional medicinal practices.

Typical Use:-

In traditional medicine, this herb is often combined with other herbs, showcasing its versatility in herbal formulations.

Collection of Herbs:-

The plant is harvested during August to September, emphasizing the importance of timing for optimal potency.

 

Tukar (Heracleum candicans)

Heracleum candicans, belonging to the Umbelliferae family, is a robust perennial herb found in the Himalayan region. Thriving in open slopes near fields at elevations of 1800 to 4300 meters, particularly in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, its distribution extends from Kashmir to Bhutan and China. Locally, it can be found in various areas such as Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

This herb boasts large, pinnately lobed leaves with white-felted undersides, and upper leaves have large boat-shaped sheaths. The flowers are white and arranged in an umbel, with the outer petals of the outer flower being larger and bi-lobed. The fruits are flattened with broad lateral wings.

Circumstance:-

Heracleum candicans is abundant in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb typically flowers in June to July.

Parts Used: Both roots and fruits of Heracleum candicans are utilized.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste is bitter and acrid , with a neutral ( potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

This herb is employed for various purposes, including addressing phlegm and wind disorders, earaches, stomach disorders, infections, bleeding, leprosy, fever resulting from wounds, and blood pressure issues. The paste made from the roots is applied to relieve joint pain. Additionally, the fruits are used to combat intestinal parasites.

Toxicity:

Heracleum candicans is slightly toxic, necessitating careful use.

Typical Use:-

It can be used singly or in combination with other herbs for therapeutic benefits.

Collection of Herbs:-

The plant parts are typically harvested during September to October to ensure optimal efficacy in traditional remedies.

Ban karela / Kurkure kakro (Herpetospermum pedunculosum)

 Herpetospermum pedunculosum, a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is a valuable herb known by various vernacular names, including Serkyi metog (Am) and Ban karela or Kurkure kakro (Np). It thrives in diverse habitats near fields, riverbanks, and shrubberies, typically found at elevations ranging from 1500 to 3600 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalaya, from Kulu to Bhutan, extending to NE India and China. Locally, it is found in areas like Pungmo and Kaigaon and is commonly cultivated by amchis (traditional healers) in Pungmo.

Main Features:- Herpetospermum pedunculosum include its herbaceous climbing nature with tendrils. The leaves are ovate-heart-shaped, acute, or long-pointed, exhibiting a rough, hairy texture. Male flowers cluster together, while female flowers are solitary, large, and yellow. The ellipsoid fruits are finely hairy, contributing to its distinctive appearance.

Although considered a rare herb, Herpetospermum pedunculosum is of great significance. It flowers from July to October, with parts like leaves, flowers, and fruits utilized for their medicinal properties.

Medicinal Use:- The bitter taste   and cooling potency  of this herb make it effective in treating various ailments. It is employed for conditions such as bile disease, jaundice, bile fever, stomach fevers, headache, and cough.

Toxicity and Typical Use:-While slightly toxic, Herpetospermum pedunculosum is safely used, either singly or in combination with other herbs. Its medicinal properties are harnessed through careful preparation and administration.

Collection of Herbs:- Leaves and flowers are harvested during July to August, while fruits are collected in September.

 

Dale Chuk  (Hippophae salicifolia)

Hippophae salicifolia, commonly known as Seabuckthorn, belongs to the Elaeagnaceae family and is found along riversides and alluvial gravel at elevations of 2200-3500 meters in WC Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalaya from Punjab to Bhutan and China, with local occurrences in Tripurakot, Pahada, Kaigaon, Suligad, and Pungmo areas.

Main Features:-

 This thorny deciduous shrub or small tree has oblong-lanceolate leaves with a white-downy underside. Male flowers are yellowish-brown, appearing in small catkins before leaves, while female flowers appear in small racemes with the leaves. The fruits are globular, orange, or red berries.

Medicinal Use:-

eabuckthorn is utilized for various medicinal purposes. Its fruits are known to address toothache, joint pain, liver, lung, and phlegm diseases, menstrual disorders, dysentery, gum infections, blood disorders, diabetes, and intestinal parasites. The fruits are not only edible raw but are also extensively used to prepare concentrates (chuk).

Toxicity:-

Seabuckthorn is non-toxic, making it a safe choice in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

It can be used alone or in combination with other herbs for enhanced efficacy.

Properties:-

The fruits of Seabuckthorn are rich in vitamins and minerals, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

 Fruits are collected during November to December, ensuring the optimal time for harvesting.

 

Tarbu  Tarbu satar (Hippophae tibetana)

 Hippophae tibetana, commonly known as Tarbu or Tarbu satar, is a robust shrub found in stony places and river-sides, thriving at elevations of 3300-4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans from the Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan) to North and West China, with local concentrations in areas like Ringmo, Bijer, and Saldang.

Main Features:-

This much-branched shrub or shrublet features long, stout terminal spines formed from the branch tips. The leaves are narrow-elliptic or linear-oblong, covered with rusty scales. Stalkless, yellowish flowers appear in clusters on leafless stems, and the ripe fruits are orange-red.

Circumstance:-

Hippophae tibetana is common in its designated habitats, contributing to the biodiversity of the region.

Medicinal Use:-

The fruits of this shrub are utilized for various medicinal purposes. Known for its sour taste and neutral (, sharp (no), and light (yang) potency, it is employed to address conditions such as coughs, colds, blood disorders, and as an appetite stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic, and tonic. The edible fruits, when consumed raw, serve as a natural remedy.

Toxicity and Typical Use:-

Considered non-toxic, the herb is typically used in combination with other herbs. A herbal tea prepared from its fruits is a popular remedy for coughs and colds.

Properties:-

Hippophae tibetana's fruits are rich in essential vitamins and minerals, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

The fruits are meticulously collected during November to December to ensure their optimum medicinal efficacy.

 

 

Ukchoe marpo (Incarvillea mairei)

Incarvillea mairei, a member of the Bignoniaceae family, is a small perennial herb known locally as Ukchoe marpo in the Himalayan region. Thriving in open stony slopes at elevations of 3000 to 4700 meters in western-central Nepal, its distribution extends to Bhutan and western China, with localized findings in areas like Ringmo.

Main Features:-

This rare herb exhibits small basal leaves that are pinnate, with ovate, toothed leaflets, the terminal one being larger. Its large tubular-funnel-shaped flowers boast a crimson exterior and yellow, grey, or white interior, characterized by five rounded lobes. The flowers are borne on a leafless stem, and the nearly straight capsule is another distinctive feature.

Circumstance:-

Incarvillea mairei is considered rare, typically found in open stony slopes within the specified elevational range.

Medicinal Use:-

 Various parts of the plant, including flowers, fruits, and roots, have been traditionally used for medicinal purposes. The flowers are employed to address headaches and lymph fluid diseases, while the fruits and roots are utilized for treating ear infections and deafness. Additionally, the roots are applied to alleviate flatulence, headaches, and coughs.

Toxicity:

Incarvillea mairei is classified as non-toxic, making it a relatively safe medicinal herb.

Typical Use:-

Traditionally, this herb is used in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Properties:-

 Argutone, reported in the allied species I. arguta (Royle) Royle, is one of the chief constituents of Incarvillea mairei.

Collection of Herbs:-

Leaves and flowers are typically collected during June to July, while fruits are harvested in August, and roots are gathered in September to October. 

Piperi (Iris goniocarpa)

Iris goniocarpa, locally known as Drema or Maning drema, belongs to the Iridaceae family and thrives in scrublands and open hillsides at elevations of 3600-4400 meters in western-central Nepal. Distributed in the Himalayan region from Nepal to Bhutan, as well as western and northern China, it is locally found in areas such as Jagdulla, Mukroman, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

This herb is characterized by its slender rhizomatous structure, with few narrow, grass-like leaves. The lilac flowers have a bluish tinge, are solitary, and feature obovate blunt falls with yellow hairs, while the standard spreads. The spathe is papery, and the fruits are narrow-elliptic with a slender beak.

Circumstance:-

Iris goniocarpa is abundant in its habitat.

Flowering and Fruiting: The herb blooms from June to July and bears fruit from July to September.

Parts Used:

The whole plant is utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

It has a sweet and acrid taste, with cooling  and coarse potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

It is employed for treating intestinal parasites and poisoning. Additionally, it serves as an appetite stimulant and is beneficial for alleviating poisoning. The seeds are specifically used in treating sinusitis.

Toxicity: Iris goniocarpa is non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

It is often used in combination with other herbs for various therapeutic applications.

Properties:-

The rhizome of Iris goniocarpa contains essential oil.

Collection of Herbs:-

The plant is typically harvested during August to September.

  

Okhar (Juglans regia)

Juglans regia, commonly known as Himalayan walnut, is a large deciduous tree belonging to the Juglandaceae family. Thriving in riverside areas and forests at elevations of 1200-3000 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, it is distributed across the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, NE India, and China. Locally, it can be found in Jagdulla, Suligad, and Thuli Bheri Valleys.

Main Features:-

•          Leaves are pinnate with 5-13 elliptic to ovate, pointed leaflets.

•          Male catkins are pendulous and green, while female catkins are small and in a short spike.

•          Fruits are large drupes containing wrinkled nuts.

Circumstance:-

Himalayan walnut is a common species, and it flowers from February to April, with fruiting occurring from May to October.

Parts Used:

The bark, fleshy wall of fruits, and nuts of Juglans regia are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste is sweet , and the potency is neutral  

Medicinal Uses:-

1.        Beneficial for wind diseases and shrunken limbs.

2.        The bark and fleshy wall of the fruit are used as hair dye to darken hair and promote hair growth.

3.        Applied in treating mouth sores.

Toxicity:

Juglans regia is non-toxic, making it safe for use.

Typical Use:-

It is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its efficacy.

Properties:-

The plant contains juglone and berberine, while the nuts contain juglansin.

Collection of Herbs:- Bark is harvested throughout the year, and nuts are collected during September to October.

 

Dhupi (Juniperus indica)

Juniperus indica, commonly known as Black juniper, belongs to the Cupressaceae family. Found in open slopes, forests, and shrubberies at elevations of 3700-4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, it is distributed from Karakoram, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), to W China. Locally, it is abundant in areas like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

This shrub or small tree, reaching up to 20 meters, exhibits awl-shaped leaves on lower branches and scale-like, adpressed leaves on terminal branches, overlapping in 4 ranks. Male cones are ovoid, while female cones are fleshy, berry-like, black, and 1-seeded.

Medicinal Use:-

Juniperus indica is utilized for various purposes, including treating kidney disorders, skin and lymph diseases, fever, cough and cold, sores, wounds, and paralysis of limbs. Additionally, its leaves and branches are used for making incense.

Toxicity and Safety:

This herb is non-toxic, making it a safe option in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

Typically, Juniperus indica is used in combination with other herbs, showcasing the traditional approach of synergistic herbal formulations.

Properties:-

The plant yields an aromatic essential oil, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

Flowering and Fruiting: Juniperus indica flowers from May to August, producing leaves and fruits that are key components in traditional remedies.

Habitat and Distribution:

 Its preferred habitat includes open slopes, forests, and shrubberies at elevations between 3700 and 4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. The distribution range spans from Karakoram and the Himalayas (from Kashmir to Nepal) to Western China. Locally, it thrives in areas such as Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Traditional Medicine and Applications:

Juniperus indica has a rich history in traditional medicine. It is employed to address kidney disorders, skin and lymph diseases, fever, cough and cold, sores, wounds, and paralysis of limbs. The utilization of its leaves and branches in incense production adds to its cultural significance.

Toxicity and Safety Considerations:

One notable feature of Juniperus indica is its non-toxic nature, ensuring its safety in traditional medicinal practices.

Traditional Remedies:

In traditional healing, Juniperus indica is rarely used in isolation. It is often combined with other herbs, following the traditional approach of creating synergistic herbal formulations.

Chief Constituents and Therapeutic Properties:

The plant is a source of aromatic essential oil, contributing to its therapeutic properties. The essential oil may contain compounds that contribute to its effectiveness in addressing various health conditions.

Flowering and Fruiting Season: Juniperus indica blooms from May to August, producing leaves and fruits that are crucial components in traditional medicinal preparatio

Dhupjadi (Jurinea dolomiaea)

Jurinea dolomiaea, belonging to the Compositae family, is a stemless perennial herb found in open slopes at elevations of 3200-4300 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Distributed across the Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal, it is locally abundant in areas like Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Ringmo.

Main Features:-

This herb has a distinctive long, stout, and aromatic taproot. The leaves are radical, rosetted, with long, spreading, pinnately lobed structures, appearing white-woolly beneath. The flower-heads are purple, sessile, or short-stalked, arranged in a central domed cluster.

Circumstance:-

Jurinea dolomiaea is common in its habitat and typically blooms and bears fruit from July to September.

Medicinal Use:-

Known locally as Ruta or Khamkyi ruta, the herb is used for treating stomachaches and diarrhea. Additionally, the roots are utilized for making incense.

Toxicity:

Jurinea dolomiaea is non-toxic and safe for use.

Typical Use:-

It is often used in combination with other herbs for various medicinal applications.

Collection of Herbs:-

Selective harvesting is done during September to October to ensure the sustainability of the plant population. 

Ba sha ka  (Lagotis kunawurensis)

Lagotis kunawurensis, a perennial herb belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family, is commonly known as Ba sha ka in the vernacular. Thriving in open slopes and damp places at elevations ranging from 3900 to 5600 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, it is distributed across the Himalaya, from Baltistan to Bhutan. Localities like Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho harbor this unique botanical

specimen.

Main Features:-

The herb displays fleshy leaves, predominantly basal, with a narrow-elliptic to obovate shape and stalked. Stem leaves resemble bracts, stalkless, progressively decreasing in size above. Its flowers, ranging from white to pale mauve to blue, form a dense spike, borne on short stems arising from the rootstock.

Circumstance:-

Lagotis kunawurensis is common in its habitat, adding to the unique flora of the Himalayan region.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb exhibits flowering from June to August, with fruiting occurring from July to September.

Parts Used: Various parts of the plant, including leaves, flowers, and rootstocks, are utilized for their medicinal properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

The herb has a bitter taste   and imparts a cooling effect .

Medicinal Use:-

 Lagotis kunawurensis is traditionally employed in addressing health issues such as high blood pressure, vomiting of blood, fever, cuts, and wounds.

Toxicity: While the herb is slightly toxic, traditional practices often involve combining it with other herbs, mitigating potential risks.

Typical Use:-

Rootstocks are harvested from mature plants during September to October, while leaves and flowers are gathered from July to August. Lagotis kunawurensis is frequently used in conjunction with other herbs to enhance its efficacy.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting process involves collecting rootstocks during the specified season, ensuring the sustainability of this valuable botanical resource.

Tak bag  (Lamiophlomis rotate)

Lamiophlomis rotata, belonging to the Labiatae family, is a perennial herb found in open slopes, meadows, and near fields at elevations of 4100-5200 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends across the Himalaya, including Nepal, Bhutan, India, and Central China, with localities like Dho, Saldang, Bhijer, Baga-la, Numa-la, and Samling harboring this herb.

Main Features:-

This almost stemless herb has rounded to kidney-shaped, leathery leaves with deeply impressed veins above, toothed and rosetted, placed flat on the ground. The broad, wooly leaf-stalk supports mauve flowers in a dense stemed or stemless cluster, emerging from the center of the leaf rosette.

Circumstance:-

Lamiophlomis rotata is common in its habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb flowers from June to August.

Parts Used: Both leaves and flowers are utilized.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste is a combination of sweet and bitter  , with a neutral potency  

Medicinal Use:-

This herb is employed in the treatment of bone fractures, lymph fluid and channel disorders. Additionally, it is used for managing pains in tendons and ligaments, indigestion, sinus issues, and bacterial infections.

Toxicity:

Lamiophlomis rotata is non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

It is typically used in combination with other herbs for enhanced effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:-

 Leaves and flowers are harvested during July to Augu

  Payakpa          (Lancea Tibetica)

 Lancea tibetica, a member of the Scrophulariaceae family, stands as a botanical marvel thriving in the lofty Himalayan landscapes. Known by vernacular names such as Payak tsa, Payak tsa ba, and Payakpa, this herb contributes significantly to traditional medicinal practices. Its habitat spans meadows, grazing grounds, and damp places, elevating the serene beauty of regions between 3300 to 4400 meters, particularly in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal.

Distribution and Local Presence: T

he enchanting Lancea tibetica is not confined to Nepal alone but extends its reach across the Himalayan range from Kashmir to Bhutan and the western regions of China. Locally, it graces areas like Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Ringmo, where its presence adds to the rich biodiversity.

Distinctive Characteristics:

This stemless glabrous herb displays distinctive features that set it apart in its botanical splendor. The leaves form rosettes, presenting an oblong-ovate to spathulate shape, portraying the elegance that nature bestows upon this species. The flowers, arranged in fascicles of 3-5 or in a raceme, captivate with their dark blue to purple hues and characteristic two-lipped structure. The fruits, colored in varying shades of red to purple, manifest in an ovoid shape, enclosed within the persistent calyx.

Occurrence and Seasonal Phases:

Lancea tibetica graces the landscape commonly, contributing to the vibrant tapestry of Himalayan flora. Its lifecycle unfolds with flowering and fruiting phases occurring from May to August. This herb becomes a vital part of the seasonal rhythm, flourishing and sharing its botanical treasures during these months.

Parts Used and Therapeutic Potency:

The holistic use of Lancea tibetica encompasses various plant parts, each holding therapeutic significance. The fruits, noted for their sweet taste, find application in addressing heart-related concerns. The roots, with a bitter   taste and cooling potency , become allies in combating cough, lung infections, and fever. Meanwhile, the leaves, contributing to the bitter taste, are employed in the treatment of cuts and wounds.

Non-Toxic Nature:

 One notable aspect of Lancea tibetica is its non-toxic nature, instilling confidence in traditional healers and users alike. This inherent safety profile enhances its desirability as a medicinal herb, aligning with the principles of natural wellness.

Synergistic Use with Other Herbs:

In traditional practices, Lancea tibetica finds synergy with other herbs, creating a harmonious blend that amplifies its effectiveness. This collaborative approach to herbal medicine emphasizes the interconnectedness of various plant species in promoting well-being.

Harvesting Practices:

Harvesting this botanical gem involves a meticulous approach, aligning with the seasonal cycles of the plant. Leaves are carefully harvested from mature plants during July to August, while fruits are gathered from September to November. The roots, sought for their medicinal potency, are harvested during December to January, ensuring optimal therapeutic benefits.

Tawa thokar (Leontopodium jacotianum)

Leontopodium jacotianum, commonly known as Tawa thokar, is a remarkable perennial herb belonging to the Compositae family. Flourishing in open slopes at elevations between 2700 to 4900 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, its distribution spans the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Bhutan and extends to Myanmar and China. This herb is locally abundant in areas such as Dokpa, Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Dho, and Bijer.

Main Features:-

This tufted herb boasts a woolly-haired appearance, with linear to narrow-elliptic leaves displaying a distinctive grey-woolly texture. The flowers are arranged in globular heads forming terminal flat-topped clusters, surrounded by an involucre of spreading white-woolly leaves.

Circumstance:-

 Leontopodium jacotianum is abundantly found in its native habitats, contributing to the biodiversity of the region.

Flowering & Fruiting: The plant exhibits its floral beauty from July to September.

Parts Used: Leaves and flowers of Leontopodium jacotianum are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

With a bitter taste   and neutral potency, this herb serves a unique role in traditional practices.

Medicinal Uses:-

The primary use of Leontopodium jacotianum lies in heat therapy through moxibustion, a traditional technique involving the burning of herbs on or near the body's surface to stimulate energy flow. Additionally, it is employed as incense in certain cultural practices.

Toxicity:

This herb is non-toxic, ensuring its safety in traditional applications.

Typical Use:-Leontopodium jacotianum can be used alone or in combination with other herbs, showcasing its versatility in traditional remedies.

Collection of Herbs:-

The plant is typically harvested during September to October, aligning with the seasonal cycles that optimize the herb's medicinal properties.

 

 

 

Common Puffball (Lycoperdon perlatum)

Lycoperdon perlatum, commonly known as the Common Puffball, belongs to the Lycoperdaceae family. In the local context, it goes by names like Phabang goti, Phaba gogo (Am), and Phagogo, Fago (Km). This terrestrial puffball is typically found in open slopes, shrubberies, and meadows, with local sightings in Pungmo, Ringmo, Dho, Bijer areas, spanning elevations from 3500-4000 meters.

Main Features:-

The fruiting body of Lycoperdon perlatum is club-shaped with a stem-like base, featuring an upper part that starts off rounded and whitish, ultimately turning pale brown. Enclosed by two peridial layers, it opens via a small pore at the top. The outer surface is adorned with short, conical spines, while the inner portion of the fruiting body is powdery. The spores, which are small and light-colored, define the unique characteristics of this puffball.

Occurrence and Season:

Commonly encountered, Lycoperdon perlatum thrives in open environments. The season of fructification spans from June to September.

Parts Used: The spores of Lycoperdon perlatum are the utilized component.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste profile encompasses a slight sweetness , bitterness  , and acridness , while the overall potency is neutral  

Medicinal Uses:-

his puffball finds application in addressing various health concerns such as bleeding, wounds, burns, infections, and more. Additionally, the young plant is consumed as a vegetable.

Toxicity:

Lycoperdon perlatum is non-toxic, making it a safe choice in traditional herbal practices.

Typical Use:-

Typically, Lycoperdon perlatum is used in conjunction with other herbs, enhancing its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

The plant is carefully collected during August to September, aligning with its growth and maturation periods.

 

Upal ngon po  (Meconopsis grandis)

Meconopsis grandis, commonly known as Upal ngon po, belongs to the Papaveraceae family. This monocarpic herb is found in shrubberies, grazing grounds, and open slopes at elevations ranging from 3000 to 5200 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Nepal to Bhutan, Myanmar, and China, with local sightings in Jagdulla, Dokpa, Mukroman, Kagmara areas.

Main Features:-

Meconopsis grandis is characterized by basal leaves forming a rosette, with an oblanceolate to oblong-elliptic blade coarsely toothed and covered with bristles. Stem leaves become smaller and whorled at the top of the stem. The flowers, 1-4 per stem, are blue or tinged with purple, borne on long stalks. The capsule is ellipsoid-oblong.

Circumstance:-

This herb is considered rare, adding to its significance in the ecological context.

Flowering & Fruiting: Meconopsis grandis blooms from June to July, with fruiting occurring from August to November.

Parts Used: Leaves and flowers are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste is described as sweet and astringent (ka), with a cooling potency .

Medicinal Use:-

 Meconopsis grandis is employed in addressing lung and liver fever. The seeds, which are edible, are also used to make pickles.

Toxicity:

This herb is non-toxic, ensuring its safety in traditional medicinal applications.

Typical Use:-

Meconopsis grandis is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

Selective harvesting of flowers and leaves is carried out from mature plants during June to August, ensuring sustainability and preserving the plant population.

 Zerjom (Meconopsis horridula)

Meconopsis horridula, a member of the Papaveraceae family, is a rare herb found in the rocky landscapes, stony slopes, and screes at elevations ranging from 3000 to 5800 meters in western-central Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan, and extends into northern Myanmar and western China. Localized areas where this unique herb can be found include Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

This monocarpic prickly herb exhibits a distinctive appearance with a long, slender taproot. The mostly basal leaves form a rosette and are elliptic to linear-oblong or oblanceolate, covered with bristly spines. Light blue flowers cluster in spike-like arrangements, often appearing on leafless stems directly from the rootstocks. The ellipsoid to globular capsules are adorned with bristly spines.

Circumstance:-

Meconopsis horridula is considered rare, adding to its significance in the diverse flora of the Himalayan region.

Flowering and Fruiting: The herb blooms from July to August, with fruiting occurring in August to September.

Parts Used:

The entire plant of Meconopsis horridula is utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

It is characterized by a bitter taste   and cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

This herb is employed in the treatment of bone fractures, bone fever, upper back pain, lung and skin diseases, sinusitis, bile diseases, and wounds. Its multifaceted applications in traditional medicine highlight its importance in addressing various health conditions.

Toxicity:

Caution is warranted as Meconopsis horridula is considered toxic. Careful preparation and combination with other herbs are crucial to mitigate potential risks.

Typical Use:-

Traditionally, this herb is used in combination with other herbs, emphasizing the synergistic effects of herbal blends in traditional medicine.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting process involves uprooting the entire plant from a matured stock during August to September.

 

Upal serpo (Meconopsis paniculata)

Meconopsis paniculata, belonging to the Papaveraceae family, is a monocarpic herb found in grazing grounds, open slopes, and meadows at elevations of 3000-4400 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans from the Himalaya (Uttar Pradesh to Arunachal Pradesh) to NE India, with local concentrations in Jagdulla, Pahada, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Ringmo areas.

Main Features:-

This herb stands 1-2.5 meters tall, characterized by stems covered in long bristly, yellowish or golden, stellate hairs. The basal leaves form a dense rosette, being elliptic to lanceolate and pinnately-lobed, with ovate or oblong lobes covered in golden-bristly hairs. The large yellow flowers cluster in long cylindrical arrangements, while the ellipsoid-oblong fruits are densely bristly-haired.

Circumstance:-

Meconopsis paniculata is common in its habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb blooms from June to August, with fruiting occurring from July to September.

Parts Used: Both flowers and leaves are utilized.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste is sweet and astringent, with a cooling potency .

Use: It is employed in treating lung and liver fevers, bile diseases, swelling of limbs, and sores.

Toxicity:

Meconopsis paniculata is non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

Typically used in combination with other herbs.

Collection of Herbs:-

Flowers and leaves are selectively collected from matured plants.

 

 

Chilleti ( Morina polyphylla)

Morina polyphylla is a spinous herb belonging to the Dipsacaceae family, known locally as Changtser karpo or Changtser goepa. Thriving in open slopes and grazing grounds at elevations of 3000-4300 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, it is distributed in the Himalaya from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan. Specific localities include Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Bijer, Saldang, and Dho.

Main Features:-

 Morina polyphylla include linear acute leaves in whorls, fused at the base in a sheath, pinnately lobed with stiff marginal spines. The small reddish or white flowers form a dense spike, with large linear-lanceolate spreading bracts fused at the base.

Circumstance:-

Morina polyphylla is abundant in its habitat, flourishing in the specified elevations.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb typically flowers from June to August.

Parts Used: The roots of Morina polyphylla are utilized for medicinal purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The roots exhibit a taste of Sweet and Astringent and possess a Warm  potency.

Medicinal Use:-

The roots are employed in treating swellings, gastritis, and painful joints. A paste made from Morina polyphylla roots, combined with other herbs like Stellera chamaejasme L., Aconitum spicatum (Brühl) Stapf, and Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., is applied to painful joints for relief.

Toxicity:

 Morina polyphylla is non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

The herb is commonly used in combination with other herbs for enhanced therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

Roots are typically collected during September to October, ensuring the optimal time for medicinal use.

 

 

Wonbu (Myricaria rosea)

Myricaria rosea, belonging to the Tamaricaceae family, is a versatile shrub known locally as Wonbu or Thrishing. Thriving in riverside gravel at elevations of 3000-4400 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, this species is distributed across the Himalaya, from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan, with specific localities like Pungmo, Ringmo, Bijer, Saldang, and Dho harboring this botanical gem.

Main Features:-

This shrub is much branched and prostrate, with spreading branches. Its small, lanceolate to linear leaves are gland-dotted, and the fragrant pink flowers are clustered in dense terminal spikes. The capsules are narrowly ovoid, spindle-shaped, and glaucous.

Circumstance:-

Myricaria rosea is common in its habitat, and its flowering and fruiting typically occur in May and June.

Medicinal Use:-

The leaves and flowers of Myricaria rosea have therapeutic properties, offering a sweet and astringent taste with cooling potency. It is utilized in treating fever, headaches, stomachaches, and uterine bleeding. Additionally, it serves as an herbal bath and acts as an antidote to food and meat poisoning. The flowers are even used as a substitute for aru (Terminalia chebula Retz.).

Toxicity and Collection of Herbs:-

Myricaria rosea is non-toxic, making it safe for use. Harvesting involves the selective collection of flowers and leaves during June and July.

 

Jatamansi  (Nardostachys grandiflora)

Nardostachys grandiflora, commonly known as Spikenard or Musk root, belongs to the Valerianaceae family. Found in the Himalayan region, particularly in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal at elevations of 3200-5300 meters, its distribution extends from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan and W China. Localities like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Majphal harbor this herb.

Main Features:-

include a perennial herb with a thick aromatic rhizome covered by reddish-brown fibers. The basal leaves are elliptic-lanceolate to spathulate and sessile, while the flowers are rosy, pale pink, or white in dense terminal cymes. The fruits are obovate and 1-seeded.

Circumstance:-

 Nardostachys grandiflora is common in rocks, open slopes, scrubs, and forests.

Flowering & Fruiting: It blooms from June to August and bears fruits from July to September.

Parts Used: The rhizomes and leaves are utilized for various medicinal purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste of rhizomes is sweet and bitter  , with a cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

Rhizomes are employed for treating wounds, cough, cold, chronic fever, fever due to poisoning, spleen disease, intestinal parasites, high blood pressure, tumors, stomach diseases, and swellings. Leaves are used for high-altitude sickness, headache, fever, and wounds. Additionally, rhizomes are highly valued for their use in incense.

Toxicity:

Nardostachys grandiflora is non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

Typically used in combination with other herbs to enhance efficacy.

Properties:-

The rhizome yields volatile oil, containing compounds like jatamansone, seychellene, norseychelanone, jatamansic acid, and nardostachone.

Collection of Herbs:-

 Leaves are collected during July to August, while rhizomes are harvested from September to October.

Kutki (Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora)

Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, commonly known as Katuko or Kutki, is a perennial herb belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. Thriving in rocky slopes, screes, and gravelly areas at elevations ranging from 3500 to 4800 meters in western-central Nepal, it is distributed in the Himalaya from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan and China. Locally, it can be found in areas like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, and Pungmo.

Main Features:-

This herb exhibits a woody, creeping rhizome and has sub-radical, rosetted leaves that are spathulate to ovate and serrate. The dark blue-purple flowers form a dense terminal raceme, borne on an aerial stem arising from the rosette. The capsule is ovoid in shape.

Circumstance:-

Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora is common in its natural habitat, flourishing in specific elevations and rocky terrains.

Medicinal Use:-

The rhizomes and roots of this herb are utilized for various medicinal purposes. It is known for its bitter taste   and cooling potency . The herb is employed in the treatment of bile diseases, intestinal pain, blood and lung fever, high blood pressure, sore throat, eye diseases, gastritis, cough, and cold.

Toxicity:

Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora is non-toxic, making it safe for traditional medicinal use.

Typical Use:-

The herb can be used singly or in combination with other herbs. For treating cough and cold, rhizomes are soaked in water overnight, and the infused water is given to the patient.

Properties:-

The rhizomes contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including kutkin, kurrin, kursin, kutikol, kutkisterol, picrorhizin, picroside, picroliv, and more.

Collection of Herbs:-

Rhizomes are selectively harvested from matured plants during October to November to ensure the preservation of the plant population.

 

 

 Boke  Bojo  (Oxyria digyna)

Oxyria digyna, commonly known as Mountain Sorrel, belongs to the Polygonaceae family and is recognized by various vernacular names such as Chuma tsi (Am), Nyalowa nyalu, Kyurmu, Wueen (Km), and Boke, Bojo (Dn, Np). This resilient herb thrives in open slopes and moist areas, with its habitat ranging from 2400 to 5000 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. The distribution of Mountain Sorrel spans Europe, W & C Asia, the Himalayas (from Kashmir to Bhutan), Siberia, W China, Japan, N America, and Greenland. Locally, it can be found in Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo areas.

Main Features:-

Mountain Sorrel is a glabrous succulent herb with mostly basal, long-stalked leaves that are fleshy and pale green, often turning reddish. The blade of the leaves is rounded to kidney-shaped. The flowers are greenish or reddish, arranged in long, slender, sparsely branched spikes. The fruits are orbicular, notched, red, with a membranous wing.

Circumstance:-

This herb is abundant in its natural habitat, flowering and fruiting from May to August.

Medicinal Use:-

Mountain Sorrel is traditionally used to address lymph disorders and urine retention. The leaves are not only non-toxic but are also edible, either raw or cooked.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste of the leaves and flowers is described as sweet and sour (kyur), while the potency is characterized as cool  and heavy (chi).

Toxicity and Typical Use:-

Mountain Sorrel is non-toxic, making it a safe choice in traditional medicine. It is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:- T

he plant parts, specifically leaves and flowers, are harvested during July to August, ensuring the collection of the herb at its peak potency.

 

 

Yumoma dheujin  (Paraquilegia microphylla)

Paraquilegia microphylla, belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, is a densely tufted perennial herb found in rock crevices at elevations of 3400 to 4900 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, extending into China, Mongolia, and S Siberia. Locally, it can be found in various areas like Jagdulla, Mukroman, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

include densely tufted growth, rootstocks surrounded by persistent petioles, long-stalked basal leaves that are ternate with deeply lobed segments, solitary pendulous cup-shaped flowers in white, blue, or lilac, and oblong follicles on shortly stalked stems.

Paraquilegia microphylla is a common species, flowering from May to July and fruiting from July to August. Plant parts used include stems, leaves, and flowers.

Medicinal Use:-

The herb is recognized for its bitter   and astringent taste, with cooling potency . It is employed in treating gynecological diseases, uterine tumors, and blood disorders (thrag tshab). Additionally, it aids in expelling retained placenta after delivery and removing foreign objects like bullets or nails from the body.

Toxicity:

Paraquilegia microphylla is non-toxic, making it safe for traditional use.

Typical Use:-

Typically, the herb is used in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of plant parts is done during July to August.

 

Lugru serpo (Pedicularis hoffmeisteri)

Pedicularis hoffmeisteri, commonly known as Lugru or Lugru serpo, is an erect herb belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. Thriving in shrubberies and open slopes at elevations ranging from 2300 to 4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, it is distributed in the Himalaya from Himachal Pradesh to Nepal, with localities like Jagdulla, Mukroman, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

This herb exhibits narrow-elliptic leaves that are deeply lobed and coarsely toothed. Upper leaves are sessile, while lower leaves are stalked. The flowers are pale yellow or cream, arranged in terminal clusters, with very long corolla tubes. The upper and lower lips are rounded, encircling the long slender beak, which curves in a circle.

Circumstance:-

Pedicularis hoffmeisteri is common in its designated habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb flowers from June to August.

Parts Used: Leaves and flowers are utilized for medicinal purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

It possesses a bitter   and astringent taste, coupled with a cooling  potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

The herb is employed in addressing various health concerns related to the circulatory system, liver fever, bile disorders, poisoning, lymph fluid disorders, and wounds.

Toxicity:

Pedicularis hoffmeisteri is non-toxic, ensuring its safety in traditional medicinal practices.

Typical Use:-

Typically, it is used in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are carefully harvested during July and August to ensure optimal efficacy in medicinal preparations.

 

Lugru serpo ( Pedicularis longiflora)

Pedicularis longiflora, a member of the Scrophulariaceae family, is a fascinating herb found in the high-altitude regions of the Western-Central Himalaya, specifically in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Thriving in grassy slopes, damp places, and along river banks at elevations ranging from 3300 to 5000 meters, it boasts a wide distribution from Baltistan to Bhutan in the Himalaya and Western China. Locally, it is discovered in areas like Kagmara, Pungmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

This herb presents itself as an erect or spreading annual plant. Its leaves are arranged alternately, featuring oblong, toothed lobes. The flowers, a striking golden yellow with dark brown or red markings, form in terminal clusters. The corolla-tubes are notably long, with the upper lip curving into an extended beak, while the lower lip is broader and three-lobed.

Circumstance:-

Pedicularis longiflora is considered a rarity, adding to its allure in the botanical landscape.

Flowering & Fruiting: This herb graces the landscape with its vibrant presence from May to October.

Parts Used: Both the flowers and the entire plant are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste profile of this herb is characterized by bitterness   and astringency (ka), offering a cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

 Pedicularis longiflora finds its place in traditional medicine for addressing a spectrum of health concerns. Its applications include the treatment of water retention, food poisoning, liver and stomach disorders, lymph fluid imbalances, asthma, wounds, and headaches stemming from bile-related issues. Interestingly, it serves as a substitute for bezoar or giwang, a substance found in the liver of elephants or yaks.

Toxicity:

This herb is classified as non-toxic, ensuring its safety for use.

Typical Use:-

In traditional practices, Pedicularis longiflora is often combined with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of plant parts, particularly flowers or the entire plant, is carried out during the months of July and August.

Lug ru mar po (Pedicularis siphonantha)

Pedicularis siphonantha, a member of the Scrophulariaceae family, is a unique perennial herb found in open slopes, meadows, and swampy places at elevations ranging from 3000 to 4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan in the Himalaya and China's Xizang region. Locally, it is discovered in Pungmo, Dokpa, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

•          Plant Structure: Erect perennial herb.

•          Leaves: Oblong with toothed lobes.

•          Flowers: Bright red or purplish-pink, featuring white throats, arranged in terminal clusters. The corolla-tubes are exceptionally long, with the upper lip forming a bifid beak and the lower lip broader, exhibiting three lobes—broad rounded lateral lobes and a notched mid-lobe.

Circumstance:-

Pedicularis siphonantha is considered rare, adding to its allure and significance in the herbal landscape (nyung).

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb blooms from June to August (fl), gracing the Himalayan slopes with its vibrant presence.

Parts Used: The leaves, flowers, or the entire plant are utilized for various medicinal purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

With a bitter   and astringent taste, Pedicularis siphonantha offers a cooling  potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

•          Antidote to Poisoning: The herb is employed as an antidote to poisoning, showcasing its detoxifying properties.

•          Liver Disorders: It finds application in addressing liver disorders, contributing to the holistic approach of traditional medicine.

•          Fever and Headache: Known for its efficacy, the herb is utilized to alleviate fever and headache, providing relief to those in need.

•          Wound Healing: Pedicularis siphonantha serves as a valuable resource for drying lymph fluid and promoting the healing of wounds.

Toxicity: Non-toxic in nature, Pedicularis siphonantha ensures safety in its usage.

Typical Use:-

Typically, the herb is combined with other complementary herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects, showcasing the synergy within traditional herbal formulations.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of plant parts, such as leaves and flowers, is undertaken during the period of July to August, ensuring optimal potency and effectiveness in herbal preparations

 

 

Laghu patra (Podophyllum hexandrum)

Podophyllum hexandrum, commonly known as Himalayan may apple, is a perennial rhizomatous herb belonging to the Berberidaceae family. Found in open and shady places at elevations of 2400-4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, its distribution extends from Afghanistan to W China, including the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. Locally, it can be found in Kagmara, Pungmo, and Ringmo areas.

Main Features:-

This herb features an erect unbranched stem with large, long-petioled leaves at the apex. The leaves are palmately lobed into three elliptic or obovate segments. Solitary cup-shaped flowers, white or pink, are borne on the petiole of the upper leaf. The large, fleshy, red berries are a distinctive feature.

Medicinal Use:-

 Podophyllum hexandrum is used for gynaecological diseases, menstrual disorders, kidney disease, skin disease, cough, fever due to channel disorders, and bleeding. It assists in childbirth and the expulsion of the placenta. The fruits are also consumed raw.

Toxicity:-

The herb is slightly toxic, emphasizing the importance of careful handling and preparation. It is often used in combination with other herbs, creating a synergistic effect to enhance its efficacy.

Collection of Herbs:-

Fruits are selectively collected during August to September. While considered common, conservation efforts are crucial due to the herb's medicinal significance and potential overharvesting.

Properties:-

Podophyllum hexandrum contains podophyllin, a compound with medicinal properties.

Solomon's seal (Polygonatum cirrhifolium)

Polygonatum cirrhifolium, commonly known as Solomon's seal, is an erect perennial herb belonging to the Liliaceae family. Thriving in forests, shrubberies, and open slopes at elevations of 1700-4600 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, its distribution spans the Himalaya from Punjab to Bhutan, NE India, and W. China. Locally, it is found in areas like Mukroman, Pungmo, and Ringmo.

Main Features:-

This herb features a stout creeping rhizome, with leaves arranged in whorls of 3-6. The leaves are linear to narrow-lanceolate, displaying coiled tendril-like tips. Tubular flowers appear white, tinged with purple or green, in clusters of 2-3, emerging from the axils of leaves.

Circumstance:-

Polygonatum cirrhifolium is abundant in its natural habitat.

Medicinal Use:-

The roots of this herb are utilized for various purposes. Known for its sweet and astringent taste, with a warm potency, it is used as a tonic to restore vitality and increase regenerative fluids. Additionally, it proves beneficial for cold wind disorders, bile-related issues, and generating stomach heat. Surprisingly, it also serves as a fixer in painting canvas or walls. The roots are edible in their raw form.

Toxicity:

Polygonatum cirrhifolium is non-toxic, making it safe for traditional use.

Typical Use:-

The roots can be used singly as a tonic or mixed with other herbs to enhance therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

Roots are typically collected during October, ensuring optimal potency and effectiveness in traditional applications.

 

Bhairang pate (Potentilla fruticose)

Potentilla fruticosa, commonly known as Bush Cinquefoil, belongs to the Rosaceae family and is recognized locally as Penak, Pemma nakpo (Am), Pema (Km), Jhwani (Dn), and Bhairang pate (Np). This low-spreading, much-branched shrub thrives in open slopes and shrubberies in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, with an altitude range of 2400-5500 meters. Its distribution spans the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Bhutan, and it's locally found in various areas, including Jagdulla, Dokpa, Mukroman, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Saldang, Bijer, and Dho.

Main Features:-

The plant is characterized by its low-spreading nature, forming thickets with much-branched stems. The leaves are pinnate, consisting of 3-7 small, silvery-haired, ovate-lanceolate leaflets. The flowers are large, bright yellow, and solitary, appearing at the terminal ends of the branches.

Medicinal Use:-

Potentilla fruticosa is employed for various medicinal purposes. The stem, leaves, and flowers are used to address conditions such as breast disease, stomach and lung disorders, and indigestion. Additionally, the plant is utilized as incense.

Toxicity:

The herb is non-toxic, ensuring its safety for traditional medicinal applications.

Taste of Herbs:-

Potentilla fruticosa possesses a taste profile that includes both sweetness and bitterness  , coupled with a cooling potency .

Typical Use:-

The herb can be used singly or in combination with other herbs. Herbal tea made from Potentilla fruticosa is a common method of consumption, known for its therapeutic effects in treating various ailments.

Collection of Herbs:-

Harvesting is conducted selectively, focusing on matured stocks. Stems, leaves, and flowers are gathered during the months of July to September, ensuring the optimal potency of the plant's medicinal components.

Abundance and Circumstance:- Potentilla fruticosa is abundant in its natural habitat, thriving in open slopes and forming thickets in the Himalayan region. Its bright yellow flowers and medicinal properties make it a valuable resource for traditional healing practices. 

Shang dril ngonpo (Primula macrophylla)

Primula macrophylla, commonly known as Shang dril nagpo or Shang dril ngonpo, belongs to the Primulaceae family. This robust perennial herb is found in meadows, open slopes, and damp places at elevations ranging from 3300 to 5600 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Pakistan to the Himalayas (Kashmir to Bhutan) and China. Locally, it can be found in various areas like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Mukroman, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

Primula macrophylla is characterized by its robust nature and narrow lanceolate or strap-shaped leaves with white farina beneath. The flowers are purple, violet, or lilac with a darker eye, arranged in a dense head, and the capsule is cylindrical.

Circumstance:-

This herb is common in its natural habitat, flourishing in the specified elevations.

Flowering & Fruiting: The plant blooms from June to August.

Parts Used: The whole plant is utilized for its medicinal properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

It has a bitter   and sweet taste with a cooling potency .

Medicinal Use:-

Primula macrophylla serves as an antidote to food poisoning. Its flowers are employed in treating fever, indigestion, dysentery, and ulcers.

Toxicity:

The herb is non-toxic, making it safe for traditional medicinal use.

Typical Use:-

It is often combined with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

Selective collection of plant parts occurs during July to September.

Shang dril serpo (Primula sikkimensis)

Primula sikkimensis, locally known as Shang dril serpo or Syaule phul, is a robust perennial herb belonging to the Primulaceae family. This herb thrives in open slopes, damp areas, and along streams at elevations ranging from 2900 to 4800 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Nepal to Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, and W China, with local concentrations in Dokpa areas.

Main Features:-

Primula sikkimensis is characterized by its robust nature, with mostly basal leaves featuring blades tapering to shortly winged leaf-stalks. The flowers are yellow, creamy-white, scented, pendulous, and numerous in an umbel-like inflorescence.

Circumstance:-

This herb is common in its habitat, flourishing in open slopes and damp areas of the specified elevations.

Flowering & Fruiting: Primula sikkimensis typically flowers from May to August. The flowers are the main plant part used in various applications.

Parts Used: The flowers of Primula sikkimensis are selectively collected for medicinal use.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste of the flowers is characterized as bitter   and sweet , with a cooling potency .

Medicinal Use:-

Primula sikkimensis is utilized in traditional medicine for its effectiveness in addressing fevers related to the lung and blood, channel disorders, and diarrhea. The combination of bitter and sweet tastes, along with cooling properties, contributes to its therapeutic use.

Toxicity:

Primula sikkimensis is considered non-toxic, making it a safer option for traditional medicinal applications.

Typical Use:-In traditional practices, Primula sikkimensis is often used in combination with other herbs. Its versatile applications make it a valuable component in various herbal formulations.

Collection of Herbs:-

The flowers are selectively harvested during the blooming season, typically from May to July. This careful and specific collection ensures the medicinal efficacy of the herb.

Takullya (Pterocephalus hookeri)

Pterocephalus hookeri, a small perennial herb belonging to the Dipsacaceae family, is known by vernacular names such as Pangtsi dobo and Takullya. Thriving in open slopes and meadows at elevations ranging from 3000 to 4500 meters in western-central Nepal, this herb is also distributed in the Himalayan region from Nepal to Bhutan and in southwest and west China. It can be locally found in areas like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Mukroman, Pungmo, and Dho.

Main Features:-

•          Plant Structure: Small perennial herb with a woody rootstock.

•          Leaves: Basal, linear-spathulate, entire, or lobed.

•          Flowers: Lilac or cream-colored, arranged in globular heads on a hairy, leafless stem.

•          Fruits: Papery limb with calyx bristles.

Circumstance:-

Pterocephalus hookeri is abundant, particularly in its native habitats.

Medicinal Use:-

Various parts of the plant, including leaves, flowers, and fruits, are utilized for their therapeutic properties. The herb has a bitter taste   and a cooling potency . It is employed in treating a range of ailments, such as cough, cold, fever due to poisoning, contagious fever, infections, bile disorders, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, gout, arthritis, blood disorders, and intestinal pain.

Toxicity: The herb is slightly poisonous, emphasizing the importance of cautious use.

Typical Use:-

Pterocephalus hookeri can be used singly or in combination with other herbs. Flowers and leaves are dried and brewed as a tea to alleviate colds.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are typically collected during July to September.

 

Darim (Punica granatum)

Punica granatum, commonly known as Pomegranate, belongs to the Punicaceae family. Its vernacular names include Sendu (Am, Km), Anar, Darim (Dn, Np), and Dadima (Sn). This shrub or small tree thrives in open and dry slopes at elevations ranging from 700 to 2700 meters in Western-Central Nepal. Widely distributed in Central and Western Asia, including the Himalayas, it is also cultivated. In the wild, it can be found in Thuli Bheri and Suligad valleys at altitudes between 2000 and 2300 meters.

Main Features:-

Punica granatum is a deciduous shrub or small tree, typically reaching heights of 2 to 3 meters, with spine-tipped branchlets. The lanceolate to oblanceolate leaves are entire and arranged oppositely. The scarlet flowers are axillary, featuring a tubular calyx with 5-7 triangular fleshy lobes. The globular fruits are crowned by the persistent calyx.

Circumstance:-

This plant is common and can be found in various habitats, particularly in open and dry slopes.

Flowering & Fruiting: Punica granatum exhibits flowering and fruiting from April to September. Flowers are typically collected during June to August, while fruits are harvested in September to October.

Parts Used: Different parts of the Pomegranate plant are utilized for medicinal purposes, including the bark, flowers, and fruits.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste of Pomegranate is characterized as sour and sweet , with a warm  potency.

Medicinal Uses:-

Pomegranate is employed to address various health issues such as indigestion, loss of appetite, cold diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, and for promoting digestive heat. The outer layers of the fruit, calyx, and flower parts are used in cough remedies, while the bark is utilized as an anthelmintic.

Toxicity:

Punica granatum is non-toxic and considered safe for use in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

The various parts of the plant can be used singly or in combination with other herbs, showcasing its versatility in traditional remedies.

Properties:-

The plant contains tannin and pyridine alkaloids, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

Harvesting is carried out during specific times, with flowers collected from June to August and fruits from September to October.

 

Chu rugpa (Ranunculus brotherusii)

Ranunculus brotherusii, known as Chetsa or Chu rugpa in the vernacular, is an erect perennial herb belonging to the Ranunculaceae family. Thriving in damp places within meadows, scrubs, and forests at elevations of 3000-5000 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, it is distributed across Central Asia and the Himalayas from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh, extending to China. Locally, it is found in Jagdulla, Pahada, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

This herb presents as an erect perennial with basal leaves deeply 3-lobed, the lobes cut into short segments. Upper leaves are sessile, cut into linear and acute segments. The terminal yellow flowers have reflexed, hairy sepals, and the achenes are round.

Circumstance:-

Ranunculus brotherusii is abundant in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The flowering period ranges from April to July, with fruiting occurring from July to September.

Parts Used: The leaves, flowers, and stems of this herb are utilized.

Taste of Herbs:-

It carries an acrid taste and imparts a warm potency .

Medicinal Use:- It is employed for addressing issues like indigestion, cold tumors, and weak digestive heat.

Toxicity:

Ranunculus brotherusii is non-toxic and safe for use.

Typical Use:-

Typically, it is used in combination with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are collected during the months of June to August.

  

Padamchal  (Rheum austral)

Rheum australe, commonly known as Himalayan rhubarb, is a robust perennial herb belonging to the Polygonaceae family. Found in open slopes at elevations of 3200-4200 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, it is distributed in the Himalaya from Himachal Pradesh to Bhutan and in China (Xizang). Locally, it can be spotted in areas like Dokpa, Mukroman, and Pungmo.

Main Features:-

This herb is characterized by its robust nature, featuring a hollow stem and stout rootstocks. The leaves are orbicular, with a heart-shaped base and long petioles, with upper leaves being smaller. The flowers are small, dark reddish-purple, arranged in terminal panicles, while the fruit is purple and winged.

Circumstance:-

Himalayan rhubarb is common in its habitat, flourishing in open slopes in the specified elevation range.

Medicinal Use:-

 The rootstocks and petioles of Rheum australe are utilized for various purposes. Rootstocks are employed in treating fracture, sprain, indigestion, bloated stomach, sores, menstrual and blood disorders, and bile fever. Additionally, they are used for coloring wool and as a fixative. Petioles, on the other hand, serve as an anthelmintic and are used in gastritis and swellings. They are also used to make pickles.

Toxicity:

Rheum australe is considered non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional practices.

Typical Use:-

The herb is used either singly or in combination with other herbs. Petioles are often chewed raw to eliminate intestinal worms. They can also be dried and stored for later consumption.

Properties:-

Rheum australe contains essential compounds such as emodin, glucoside rhapontien, chryosophanol, alueemodin, tannin, and catechin.

Collection of Herbs:-

Harvesting of rootstocks is typically done during September to October, while petioles are harvested in June to July.

Solo mukpo   (Rhodiola himalensis)

Rhodiola himalensis, belonging to the Crassulaceae family, is a perennial herb found in shrubberies, screes, and rocky slopes at elevations of 3600-4600 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Widely distributed in the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan and SW China, it is locally found in areas like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Mukroman, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Dho, and Saldang.

Main Features:-

This herb has many glandular pubescent, stout, 10 cm long flowering stems that arise from elongate, sub-erect rhizomes. Its fleshy leaves are oblanceolate to narrow elliptic, and the flowers, dark red, pinkish to yellow, are arranged in dense terminal subumbellately cymes.

Circumstance:-

Rhodiola himalensis is common in its habitat.

Medicinal Use:-

The whole plant is used for various purposes. It is employed in the treatment of kidney disease, urinary disorders, asthma, lung infections, lymph fluid disorders, poisoning, arthritis, fever, skin diseases, and oral infections.

Taste and Potency: T

he herb has an astringent and bitter   taste, with cooling potency .

Toxicity: Rhodiola himalensis is non-toxic, ensuring its safety for traditional use.

Typical Use:-It is commonly used in combination with other herbs, showcasing the traditional approach of creating synergistic herbal blends.

Collection of Herbs:-

 

Rootstocks are typically harvested during August to September, ensuring the utilization of the plant at the most suitable time.

 

 

Balu karpo (Rhododendron anthopogon)

Rhododendron anthopogon, commonly known as Balu karpo, is an evergreen aromatic shrublet thriving in open slopes and shrubberies at elevations ranging from 3300 to 5100 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalayan region, from Kashmir to Bhutan, and it is locally found in areas like Dokpa, Jagdulla, Kagmara, Mukroman, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho.

Main Features:- This shrublet features oval to obovate leaves, densely scaly beneath, and produces white, pink, or yellow flowers in compact clusters. The capsule is enclosed in the persistent calyx.

Medicinal Use:-

Rhododendron anthopogon is valued for treating stomach, liver, and lung disorders, indigestion, sore throat, and phlegm-related ailments. It is also used as an appetizer, diuretic, for managing allergies from eating potatoes, and in cases of vomiting. The leaves and flowers are used for incense.

Toxicity and Typical Use:-

Non-toxic, this herb is commonly used with other herbs. Tea brewed from fresh flowers is employed for liver disorders, allergies, and vomiting.

Harvesting and Properties:-

Plant parts are collected during August to September. Rhododendron anthopogon yields essential oil.

Main Features:-

Abundant in its habitat, this herb is a crucial component of the local flora, contributing to the biodiversity of the region.

 

Conservation Status: While abundant, the conservation status of Rhododendron anthopogon is essential to ensure its sustained presence in the ecosystem. Conservation efforts are crucial, considering its ecological role and medicinal significance.

 

 

Sunpate  (Rhododendron lepidotum)

Rhododendron lepidotum, known as Balu nagpo or Dhali nagpo, belongs to the Ericaceae family. This evergreen, resinous shrublet thrives in forests, shrubberies, and open slopes at elevations ranging from 2100 to 4700 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Widely distributed from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh in the Himalaya, NE India, N Myanmar, and China, it's locally found in Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Ringmo areas.

Main Features:-

Rhododendron lepidotum is a small evergreen shrublet with small, scaly leaves that are obovate, narrow-oblanceolate, or elliptic. The flowers, pink on dull purple, form in terminal clusters, and the capsule is densely scaly.

Circumstance:-

Abundant in its habitat, Rhododendron lepidotum flowers from June to September.

Medicinal Use:-

The leaves and flowers of this herb are used for promoting digestive heat and stimulating appetite. It is employed in treating conditions such as bile and lung diseases, headaches from bile, back pain, cold and blood disorders, and bone diseases. The leaves are also utilized for making incense.

Toxicity:

Rhododendron lepidotum is non-toxic and safe for use.

Typical Use:-

Typically used in combination with other herbs, it is incorporated into herbal teas made from flowers to address pain, cold, bile, and blood disorders. Additionally, herbal baths using Rhododendron lepidotum are recommended for bone diseases.

Properties:-

The leaves of Rhododendron lepidotum yield essential oil, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

Plant parts are harvested during July to September to harness their maximum medicinal potential.

 

 

Bhakimlo   Dudhe bhalayo (Rhus javanica)

Rhus javanica, a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is a small deciduous tree with hairy young parts. It thrives in forests, shrubberies, and along rivers at elevations of 1200-2400 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Widely distributed in the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and eastward to China, Korea, and Japan, it is locally found in the Suligad valley at 2000-2500 meters.

Main Features:-

•          Leaves: Pinnate, with 5-13 lanceolate to ovate leaflets that are long-pointed and coarsely toothed.

•          Flowers: Pale yellowish-green, arranged in branched clusters.

•          Fruits: Woolly, reddish-brown.

Circumstance:-

Rhus javanica is common and exhibits flowering from August to September and fruiting from September to March.

Medicinal Use:-

The sour, acrid, and astringent taste of its parts has made it valuable in traditional medicine. The fruits are used for colic, diarrhea, dysentery, breathing disorders, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Toxicity:

Rhus javanica is non-toxic, making it a safer choice in traditional remedies.

Typical Use:-

The fruits are used singly or in combination with other herbs. Dried fruits are ground and boiled in water, and the resulting decoction is consumed to address dysentery and stomach complaints.

Properties:-

Fruits contain tannin, gallic acid, and potassium acid salts, contributing to their therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:-

 Fruits are harvested in October, ensuring optimal potency for medicinal use.

 

Jangali gulaf (Rosa macrophylla)

Rosa macrophylla, belonging to the Rosaceae family, is a versatile shrub found in the Himalayan region, particularly in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Known by vernacular names such as Segoe fo and Amdoga, this species thrives in forests and shrubberies at elevations ranging from 2100 to 3800 meters. Its distribution spans from Kashmir to Bhutan, with specific localities like Jagdulla, Mukroman, Pungmo, and Ringmo hosting this plant.

Main Features:-

This erect shrub exhibits stems with paired straight prickles below leaves. The leaves are finely serrate, with 7-11 ovate-elliptic leaflets. The striking pink flowers, numbering 1-2, are terminal on short lateral shoots. Notably, the fruits are very large, red, flask-shaped, and possess a persistent calyx.

Circumstance:-

Rosa macrophylla is a common species, frequently encountered in its natural habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: The blooming period occurs in June to July, while the fruits develop from July to September.

Parts Used: The fruits of Rosa macrophylla are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The taste profile of the fruits is characterized by sourness and sweetness , with a neutral potency  

Medicinal Use:-

The plant has been traditionally employed for addressing conditions like fever, diarrhea, and bile disorders. Additionally, the edible raw fruits are utilized in the preparation of local wine.

Toxicity:

Rosa macrophylla is non-toxic, ensuring its safe utilization in traditional medicine and culinary practices.

Typical Use:-

In traditional practices, Rosa macrophylla is often combined with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Properties:-

The fruits of Rosa macrophylla are rich in vitamin C, contributing to their nutritional and medicinal value.

Collection of Herbs:-

Fruits are typically harvested during September to October, ensuring optimal freshness and potency.

 

Seroga (Rosa sericea)

Rosa sericea, commonly known as Sewa, Seroga, or Jangali gulaf, belongs to the Rosaceae family. This stiff, erect shrub, reaching a height of 1-4 meters, thrives in open hill slopes, forests, and shrubberies at elevations ranging from 2100 to 4600 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Chamba to Bhutan in the Himalaya, NE India, N Myanmar, to W China. Locally, it can be found in areas such as Jagdulla, Mukroman, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Dho, and Saldang.

Main Features:-

 Rosa sericea include stiff, erect stems with straight paired or scattered slender or broad prickles. Its pinnate leaves have 5-11 elliptic to oblong leaflets, with serrate margins at the apex, and a larger terminal leaflet. The solitary white or cream flowers are axillary with a persistent calyx, and the bright red fruits are globular to pear-shaped.

This species is abundant in its occurrence, with flowering observed from May to August and fruiting from July to September. Various parts of Rosa sericea, including flowers, fruits, and bark, are utilized for their therapeutic properties. The taste of its fruits is sour and sweet , and the overall potency is neutral  

Medicinal Use:-

The flowers and ripe fruits are employed in the treatment of liver, bile, wind, and lung diseases, as well as menstrual disorders. The bark is utilized in cases of poisoning and lymph fluid disorders. Additionally, the ripe fruits are edible in their raw form.

Toxicity:

Rosa sericea is considered non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

The plant can be used singly or in combination with other herbs, showcasing its versatility in traditional remedies.

Collection of Herbs:-

For medicinal purposes, flowers and bark are harvested during May to July, while fruits are collected in September to October. This meticulous harvesting process ensures the preservation of the plant's therapeutic qualities.

Ainselu (Rubus foliolosus)

Rubus foliolosus, commonly known as Kanda ka ri in Amharic, Gata in Khmer, and Ainselu in Nepali, belongs to the Rosaceae family. This scrambling shrub with prickly stems is abundant in forests and shrubberies, thriving at elevations of 2100-3600 meters in Western-Central Nepal. Its distribution spans the Himalayan region, from Himachal Pradesh to Nepal, extending to Northeast India and China. Locally, it can be found in Jagdulla, Pungmo, and Ringmo areas.

Main Features:-

include pinnate leaves with 3-7 sub-sessile, rounded or elliptic-pointed, finely serrated leaflets. The flowers are pink, arranged in branched axillary clusters, and the small, pink or white fruits are hairy.

Medicinal Use:-

Rubus foliolosus is utilized for addressing lung diseases, coughs, colds, and wind fever. The stem pith is the part commonly used, known for its sweet and astringent taste with a neutral ( potency. The ripe fruits are edible raw.

Toxicity:

This herb is non-toxic, ensuring its safety in traditional medicinal practices.

Typical Use:-Rubus foliolosus is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:-

The herb is harvested during July to September, ensuring the collection of its medicinal properties at the right time.

 

 

Halhale sag (Rumex nepalensis)

Rumex nepalensis, commonly known as Common field sorrel, is a perennial herb belonging to the Polygonaceae family. It is locally referred to as Lung sho (Am), Shoma (Km), and Hale or Halhale sag (Np). This herb is predominantly found in cultivated areas and grazed grounds at elevations ranging from 1200 to 4200 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Southwest Europe and Western Asia to the Himalayas, India, and China. In Nepal, it is particularly abundant in the Suligad, Jagdulla, and Thuli Bheri valleys.

Main Features:-

Rumex nepalensis exhibits distinct diagnostic features, including a stout rootstock and perennial nature. The lower leaves are oblong-ovate and petioled, while the upper leaves are smaller, lanceolate, and sessile. The bisexual flowers form long leafless spikes, and the fruits have broad wings fringed with comb-like teeth.

Medicinal Uses:-

1.        Seeds: Used for mouth disorders.

2.        Roots: Employed for treating joint pain and wounds.

3.        Stems: Used in the management of lung and liver diseases, constipation, sores, and skin diseases.

4.        Leaves: Consumed as a vegetable.

Taste and Potency:

The taste profile of Rumex nepalensis is characterized as sweet and bitter  , with cooling potency .

Toxicity:

Rumex nepalensis is non-toxic, making it a relatively safe herbal remedy.

Typical Use:-The various parts of the plant, such as seeds, roots, and stems, are used either individually or in combination with other herbs, depending on the specific ailment.

Properties:-

The roots of Rumex nepalensis contain essential compounds like nepodin, tannin, and chrysophanic acid, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

Collection of Herbs:- The plant is typically harvested during October, ensuring that the medicinal components are at their peak potency.

 

 

Bhutkesh (Saussurea gossypiphora)

Saussurea gossypiphora, commonly known as Gangla metok, Lukshuk, or Noppa sumgang, belongs to the Compositae family. This perennial herb is densely covered with white- or grey-woolly hairs, thriving in open rocky slopes and screes at elevations of 3500-5700 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans from the Himalaya (Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan) to SW China, with local findings in high alpine areas like Pungmo, Kagmara, and Dho.

Main Features:-

•          Leaves are toothed or lobed, sessile, and embedded in dense woolly hairs.

•          Flower-heads exhibit purple florets clustered at the apex of the stem, also covered in woolly hairs.

Circumstance:-

Saussurea gossypiphora is considered rare, adding to its botanical significance.

Medicinal Use:-

The whole plant is utilized for addressing gynaecological disorders, menstrual issues, and hysteria. Additionally, it is employed as a protective measure against evil spirits.

Toxicity:

The plant is non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

Typically, Saussurea gossypiphora is used in combination with other herbs, emphasizing the synergistic effects of herbal formulations.

Collection of Herbs:-

The harvesting of this herb is done during August to September, a period when the plant is in its optimal medicinal state.

  

Bhutkesh  (Selinum wallichianum)

Selinum wallichianum, commonly known as Ragwort, is a tall perennial herb belonging to the Umbelliferae family. It thrives in shrubberies, open slopes, and edges of fields at elevations ranging from 2700 to 4800 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from Kashmir to Bhutan in the Himalaya, reaching NE India and China (Xizang). In local areas like Jagdulla, Mukroman, Pungmo, and Ringmo, this herb can be commonly found.

Main Features:-

This herb is characterized by its tall stature, with leaves 3-5 times divided into numerous elliptic segments. The lower leaves are long-stalked and sheathing at the base, while the upper leaves are smaller, with the uppermost reduced to a sheath. The flowers are white, arranged in compound umbels, and the fruits exhibit broad lateral wings.

Circumstance:-

Selinum wallichianum is considered common in its habitat, flourishing from July to September during flowering and producing fruits from August to November.

Parts Used: The roots and fruits of Ragwort are utilized for their medicinal properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

The roots have a bitter   and acrid taste.

Medicinal Uses:- The roots are employed as an antiseptic for cuts and wounds, effectively controlling bleeding. Additionally, both roots and fruits are utilized to address colic, gastritis, and intestinal pain.

Toxicity:

While slightly toxic, the herb is safely used when combined with other herbs.

Properties:-

The roots of Selinum wallichianum contain various constituents, including heraclenin, bergapten, imperatorin, and heraclenol.

Collection of Herbs:- Harvesting is typically done during August to September.

Solgong serpo  (Soroseris hookeriana)

Soroseris hookeriana, a member of the Compositae family, is a small herb found in stony slopes and screes at elevations ranging from 4100 to 5500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution extends from the Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh to Bhutan) to China (Xizang), with local occurrences in Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

This herb is characterized by narrow, oblong, and shallowly lobed or toothed leaves, which can be lanceolate and entire, stalked, and form a rosette. The flower-heads are yellow, numerous, in a compact, almost stemless inflorescence. Ray-florets number four and are oblong, while involucral bracts are linear and blunt. The fruits are cylindrical, with long grey pappus.

Circumstance:-

While Soroseris hookeriana is a rare herb, it is occasionally found in specific regions, contributing to its localized occurrence.

Flowering & Fruiting: The flowering period spans from July to August, with fruits maturing from August to October.

Parts Used: In traditional practices, the flowers of Soroseris hookeriana are utilized for medicinal purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The herb is characterized by a bitter taste   and cooling potency .

Medicinal Use:-

Soroseris hookeriana finds application in treating fever resulting from poisoning, addressing issues like a broken skull, and serving as a purgative.

Toxicity: This herb is deemed non-toxic, ensuring its safe utilization in traditional medicine.

Typical Use:-

Typically, Soroseris hookeriana is used in combination with other herbs, emphasizing the traditional approach of creating synergistic herbal blends for enhanced efficacy.

Collection of Herbs:-

The flowers are carefully harvested during September to October, aligning with the plant's growth and flowering cycles.

 

Mege Phul  (Stellera chamaejasme)

Stellera chamaejasme, commonly known as Re jak or Go nara, belongs to the Thymelaeaceae family and is a perennial herb thriving in meadows and stony slopes at elevations of 2700-4200 meters in western-central Nepal. Its distribution spans from Central Asia and the Himalaya (Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan) to Mongolia, East Siberia, and China, with local findings in Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Bagala, Numala, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

This herb forms clumps with multiple stems emerging from a woody rootstock. The leaves are elliptic-lanceolate, long-pointed, sessile, and overlapping. Upper leaves create an involucre around the flower-heads. The flowers are sweet-scented, white with pinkish tubes, arranged in rounded terminal heads. The fruits are ovoid.

Medicinal Use:-

Stellera chamaejasme's rootstocks are utilized in cases of infectious diseases and pain from swellings. They serve as an antiseptic for open wounds, a poultice for swellings and fractured bones, and are employed in massage.

Toxicity:-

While slightly poisonous, the flower's smell can induce headaches. Careful handling is necessary.

Typical Use:-

Typically used in combination with other herbs, Stellera chamaejasme's rootstocks are harvested during October to November.

Abundance and Circumstance:- This herb is abundant in its native habitat and flowers from May to July.

Tikta (Swertia cuneata )

Swertia cuneata, a member of the Gentianaceae family, is a remarkable herb known locally as Tikta or Chak tik. Flourishing in meadows and open slopes at elevations ranging from 3600 to 5000 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal, it is distributed across the Himalaya, extending from Uttar Pradesh to Sikkim, NE India, and China (Xizang). Specific localities where it can be found include Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, and Ringmo.

Main Features:-

This erect perennial herb is characterized by spathulate leaves, with lower leaves having long stalks and upper leaves nearly stalkless. The flowers are lurid blue, long-stalked, with narrow-elliptic corolla lobes. Notably, the flowers possess two linear basal nectaries surrounded by long hairs or are hairless. The capsules are narrowly oblong.

Circumstance:-

Swertia cuneata is commonly found in its natural habitat, contributing to the biodiversity of the region.

Flowering & Fruiting: The herb displays its vibrant flowers from August to October, while the fruiting period extends into November and December.

Parts Used: In traditional practices, the entire plant of Swertia cuneata is utilized for its medicinal properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

Known for its bitter taste   and cooling potency , Swertia cuneata offers a unique combination of flavors and effects.

Medicinal Uses:- This herb has a versatile range of applications, including the treatment of bile diseases, liver ailments, coughs, colds, fevers, wind fever, bone fever, and headaches.

Toxicity:

Swertia cuneata is considered non-toxic, ensuring its safety for traditional medicinal use.

Typical Use:-

In traditional medicine, Swertia cuneata is often used in combination with other herbs, harnessing the synergistic effects of various botanicals.

Collection of Herbs:-

The optimal time for harvesting Swertia cuneata is in November and December, ensuring the collection of potent and beneficial plant material.

 

 

 

Nigale sag (Taraxacum tibetanum)

Taraxacum tibetanum, belonging to the Compositae family, is a small perennial herb known by various vernacular names such as Khur mang, Wakhur, Dangsong metog, and Nigale sag. It thrives in meadows and shrubberies at elevations of 3500-4300 meters in western-central Nepal, with distribution ranging from Nepal to Bhutan and western China. Localities like Jagdulla, Dokpa, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho host this herb.

Main Features:-

Taraxacum tibetanum is characterized by its small size and milky sap. The basal leaves are lobed, and the yellow flower-heads are borne on a long stalk emerging from the rosette of leaves.

Medicinal Use:-

This herb has a variety of applications in traditional medicine. The leaves and flowers are used for conditions such as ulcers, brown phlegm (bad kan mug po), chronic fever, poisoning, eye infections, and bile and stomach disorders. Additionally, it is known for its galactagogue properties. The milky sap is believed to cure poisoning from precious stones and metals. Apart from its medicinal uses, Taraxacum tibetanum is utilized as a vegetable and fodder.

Toxicity:

Taraxacum tibetanum is considered non-toxic, making it a safe option in traditional remedies.

Typical Use:-

Typically, Taraxacum tibetanum is used in combination with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Collection of Herbs:-

The leaves and flowers are collected during July to August when the herb is in its flowering and fruiting stages.

 

 

Bansuli /  Dampate /  Mamira (Thalictrum foliolosum)

Thalictrum foliolosum, commonly known as Meadow Rue, belongs to the Ranunculaceae family and is found in the moist places and forests of the Western-Central region of Nepal, ranging from 1300 to 3400 meters. Its distribution extends from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh in the Himalayas, North Myanmar, and China. Locally, it is found in areas like Jagdulla, Pungmo, and Ringmo.

Main Features:-

This tall glabrous herb reaches heights of 1-2 meters. Its leaves are intricately divided into oblong-ovate, rounded-toothed, 3-lobed leaflets. The flowers are white to dull greenish-purple, arranged in a branched cluster, with inconspicuous petals and longer stamens. The achenes are ellipsoid, ribbed, with a curved beak.

Circumstance:-

Thalictrum foliolosum is commonly found in its native habitat.

Medicinal Use:-

The root, leaves, and flowers of this herb are utilized for their therapeutic properties. It is employed in treating contagious fever, poisoning, wounds, and infections.

Toxicity:

Thalictrum foliolosum is considered non-toxic, making it safe for use.

Typical Use:-

Typically used in combination with other herbs, Thalictrum foliolosum is part of synergistic herbal blends.

Properties:-

The roots of Thalictrum foliolosum contain various active compounds such as berberine, thalictrine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, among others.

Collection of Herbs:-

Leaves and flowers are collected during July to August, while the roots are harvested in September to October.

 

 

Ghodamarcha (Thymus linearis)

Thymus linearis, commonly known as Maktok or Maktokpa, belongs to the Labiatae family and is found in open places and stony slopes at elevations ranging from 1500 to 4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), India, China, and Japan. Locally, it is abundant in the Suligad, Jagdulla, and Thuli Bheri valleys, thriving at altitudes between 2500 to 4200 meters.

Main Features:-

This herb is a small, spreading, aromatic shrublet with small, elliptic-oblong, nearly stalkless leaves that are gland-dotted. Its purple flowers are densely clustered into short terminal clusters, and the calyx is 2-lipped with ciliate lobes.

Medicinal Use:-

Thymus linearis is valued for its medicinal properties. The leaves and flowers are used for various purposes, such as stimulating appetite, purifying blood, aiding digestion, and addressing gum and tooth problems. The leaves are also utilized as a spice.

Toxicity:

Thymus linearis is non-toxic, making it a safe herbal remedy.

Typical Use:-

It is commonly used in combination with other herbs and is often consumed as herbal tea.

Collection of Herbs:-

Harvesting of leaves and flowers occurs during July and August, while roots are collected in October and November. Despite its abundance, responsible harvesting practices are essential to ensure the sustainability of this valuable herb.

 

 

Jhyau (Usnea longissimi)

Usnea longissima, commonly known as Lichen or Old-man's beard, belongs to the Usneaceae family. It is found on the twigs of oak, rhododendron, fir, birch, etc., in the altitude range of 2500-3500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. The distribution spans the Himalayas, India, and China, with local findings in Balengra, Kaigaon, Jagdulla, and Pungmo areas.

Main Features:-

This lichen is pendulous and thread-like, with a fruticose structure. The thallus can grow up to 45 cm long, displaying a pale yellow to yellowish-green color. It has a solid axis, is much branched, and covered by whitish-green soredia. The absence of a basal disc is a notable feature.

Circumstance:-

Usnea longissima is common in its habitat, favoring corticolous environments and appearing on various tree species like oak and rhododendron.

Season of Fructification: The lichen fructifies from June to September, adding a vibrant touch to the landscapes it inhabits.

Medicinal Use:-

The entire thallus of Usnea longissima is utilized in traditional medicine. It is recognized for its bitter   and astringent taste, coupled with cooling potency . It is employed in treating wounds, lung and liver issues, channel fever, and fever resulting from poisoning. Additionally, it finds use as incense.

Toxicity:

Usnea longissima is non-toxic, making it a safe component of traditional remedies.

Typical Use:-

In traditional practices, Usnea longissima is often combined with other herbs to enhance its therapeutic effects.

Properties:-

The plant contains usnic and barbatic acids, contributing to its medicinal properties.

Collection of Herbs:- The harvesting of Usnea longissima involves collecting the thallus during August and September, ensuring the optimal time for its utilization in traditional remedies.

Sugandhwal, (Valeriana jatamansii)

Valeriana jatamansii, commonly known as Indian valerian, is a perennial herb belonging to the Valerianaceae family. It is widely distributed, thriving in open slopes and moist forest places at elevations ranging from 1500 to 3600 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its habitat extends from Afghanistan to Bhutan in the Himalayan region, including regions like Kashmir and NE India. Locally, it can be found in areas such as Juphal, Pahada, Tripurakot, and Majphal.

Main Features:-

This herb features a tufted stem and long fibrous roots descending from a fragrant rhizome. The basal leaves are ovate-heart-shaped, long-stalked, toothed, or wavy, while the stem leaves are few, small, and may be entire or lobed. The flowers are small, white, or pink-tinged, arranged in terminal clusters.

Circumstance:-

 Valeriana jatamansii is a common herb found in its native habitat.

Flowering & Fruiting: It typically flowers from February to July and fruits from June to August.

Parts Used: The rhizomes and roots of Indian valerian are utilized for various purposes.

Taste of Herbs:-

The herb possesses a sweet and bitter   taste, with a cooling potency .

Medicinal Uses:-

Valeriana jatamansii has been traditionally used to address various health concerns, including headaches, eye troubles, sore throat, indigestion, and wounds. Additionally, it is employed as incense along with other herbs.

Toxicity:

Indian valerian is non-toxic, making it a safe choice for traditional medicinal applications.

Typical Use:-

It is often used in combination with other herbs to enhance its effectiveness.

Properties:-

The rhizome of Valeriana jatamansii yields essential oil, which contains valeranone, isovaleric acid, and other beneficial compounds.

Valeriana jatamansii stands as a testament to the rich botanical diversity of the Himalayan region, offering not only its therapeutic properties but also contributing to cultural practices through its use as incense. With its sweet and bitter taste profile and cooling nature, this herb continues to play a significant role in traditional me

 

Guna lankur (Verbascum Thapsus)

Verbascum thapsus, commonly known as Cow's lungwort or Mullein, belongs to the Scrophulariaceae family. Its vernacular names include Yugushing, Ngo serje (Am); Singi serchhe, Nope peka, Deber (Km); Gunu puchhu, Guna lankuri (Dn). This erect biennial herb is prevalent in shrubberies and stony slopes, thriving at elevations from 1800 to 4000 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans from Afghanistan, the Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), to SW China, with local concentrations throughout the Suligad and Bheri valleys at 2000-3600 meters.

Main Features:-

The plant features an unbranched stem covered in grayish-yellow stellate hairs. Leaves are oblanceolate and woolly, with upper leaves being sessile and basal leaves stalked. The flowers are yellow, arranged in a slender woolly spike, with bracts longer than the flowers.

Circumstance:-

Verbascum thapsus is common in its habitat, flowering from May to September.

Parts Used: Leaves, stems, and flowers are utilized for their medicinal properties.

Taste of Herbs:-

he plant has a bitter taste   and imparts a cooling effect .

Medicinal Use:- This herb is employed as a diuretic and blood purifier. It is recommended for treating blood disorders, sores, infections, bleeding wounds, and cuts.

Toxicity:

Verbascum thapsus is non-toxic.

Typical Use:-

It can be used singly for treating sores or mixed with other herbs for various applications.

Properties:-

The plant yields an essential oil, while leaves contain saponins, and roots contain verbascose, aucubin. Flowers are rich in crocetin.

Collection of Herbs:-

Leaves, stems, and flowers are typically collected during July to August

Ta mig pa (Veronica ciliate)

Veronica ciliata, commonly known as Dhum nag dhom tri, is a remarkable perennial herb belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. This herbaceous plant, characterized by its erect form and grey-white hairy features, thrives in alpine meadows at elevations ranging from 3300 to 4500 meters in WESTERN-CENTRAL NEPAL Nepal. Its distribution spans across regions like Pakistan, the Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim, NW India, and China (Xizang), with local occurrences in Mukroman, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, and Dho areas.

Main Features:-

•          Plant Structure: Veronica ciliata displays an erect growth pattern with grey-white hairs covering its stems.

•          Leaves: Sessile and opposite, the leaves are oblong to ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, with margins that are either incised-dentate or entire.

•          Flowers: The vibrant blue flowers are arranged in terminal and axillary clusters emanating from the uppermost leaves.

Circumstance:-

This species is commonly found in its native habitat, contributing to the rich biodiversity of alpine meadows.

Flowering & Fruiting: Veronica ciliata typically blooms from July to September, gracing the landscape with its blue blossoms.

Medicinal Use:-

The leaves and flowers of Veronica ciliata are employed for various medicinal purposes. Known for its bitter   and sweet taste with cooling potency , it is utilized in treating wounds, bile diseases, high blood pressure, and malarial fever. Additionally, the plant's properties promote heat, stimulate the growth of flesh, arrest bleeding, and alleviate fever in wounds. Notably, it serves as a substitute for bear's bile in traditional practices.

Toxicity:

Veronica ciliata is considered non-toxic, ensuring its safe use in traditional herbal remedies.

Typical Use:-

In traditional herbal medicine, Veronica ciliata is often used in combination with other herbs, harnessing the synergistic effects of various plant compounds.

Collection of Herbs:-

Leaves and flowers are meticulously collected during July to August, ensuring the preservation of their therapeutic properties.

 

AMALA (PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA)

ASURO (Justicia Adhatoda )

ATIS (ACONITUM HETEROPHYLLUM )

BAJRADANTI (Potentilla fulgens )

BEL (Aegle marmelos)

BHUI AMALA (Phyllanthus urinaria )

BHUTKESH (SELINUM TENUIFOLIUM)

CHOPCHINI (SMILAX ASPERA)

DHAINYARO (WOODFORDIA FRUTICOSA)

DHUPI (JUNIPERUS INDICA)

DHUPI (JUNIPERUS RECURVA)

EKLEBIR (LOBELIA PYRAMIDALIS)

GAMDOL (BRACHYCORYTHIS OBCORDATA)

GHODTAPRE (CENTELLA ASIATICA)

GHUCHI CHYAU (MORCHELLA ESCULENTA)

GURJO (TINOSPORA SINENSIS)

HALEDO (CURCUMA ANGUSTIFOLIA)

HARCHUR (VISCUM ARTICULATUM)

INDRAYANI (Trichosanthes tricuspidata )

JHYAU (PARMELIA NEPALENSIS)

JHYAU (PARMELIA TINCTORIUM)

JHYAU (USNEA THOMSONII)

JIMBU (ALLIUM HYPSISTUM)

JIWANTI (Ephemeranlha macrael)

JIWANTI (OTOCHILLUS PORRECTUS)

KACHUR (CURCUMA ZEDOARIA)

KAKAD SINGHI (Pistacia Khinjuk )

KAPHAL (MYRICA ESCULENTA)

KHAS KHAS (Vetiveria zizanioides )

KHAYER (Acacia catechu)

KHIRRO (WRIGHTIA ARBOREA)

KOIRALO (BAUHINIA VARIEGATA)

KURILO (ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS)

KUSTH (COSTUS SPECIOSUS)

KUTKI (PICRORHIZA SCROPHULARIIFLORA)

LODH (SYMPLOCOS PANICULATA)

MOTHE (CYPERUS ROTUNDUS)

MUSALI (CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES)

NIRMASHI (ACONITUM GAMMIEI)

NISOTH (OPERCULINA TURPETHUM)

PDAM PUSKAR (IRIS DECORA)

PADAMCHAL (RHEUM NOBILE)

PAINLETI / DESI NEEM (MURRAYA KOENIGII)

PALANS (BUTEA MONOSPERMA)

PIPALA (PIPER LONGUM)

PUNARNAVA (BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA)

ALAINCHI (AMOMUM SUBULATUM)

ARANDI ( Ricinus communis )

ASHOKA ( Saraca Asoca )

BALU (SIDA CORDIFOLIA)

BAN LASUN (Lilium nepalense)

BRALIKAND (PUERARIA TUBEROSA)

BARRO (TERMINALLA BELURICA)

BHALAYO (SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM)

BHALE-SUNPATI (RHODODENDRON LEPIDOTUM)

BHANG (CANNABIS SATIVA)

BHRINOAR.AJ (ECLIPTA PROSTRATA)

BHUI AMALA (PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS)

BHUTKESH (SELINUM CANDOLLI)

BIKHA (ACONITUM FEROX)

BIKHA (ACONITUM SPICATUM)

BIKHAMA (ACONITUM BISMA)

BILOUNI (MAESA CHISIA)

BOJHO (ACORUS CALAMUS)

CHAMPA (MICHELIA CHAMPACA)

CHHATIWAN (ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS)

CHIRAITO (SWERTIA ALATA)

CHIRAITO (SWERTIA ANGUSTIFOLIA)

CHIRAITO (Swertia bimaculata )

CHIRAITO (Swertia multicaulis)

CHITU (PLUMBAOO ZEYLANICA)

CHUTRO (BERBERIS ARISTATA)

CHUTRO (BERBERIS ASIATICA)

CHYURI (AESANDRA BUTYRACEA)

DATIWAN (ACHYRANTHES BIDENTATA )

DATIWAN (ACHYRANTHES ASPERA)

DHASINGARE (Gaultheria fragrantissima)

DHATURA (Datura metel)

DHATURA (DATURA STRAMONIUM)

DHUPI (JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS)

DRONAPUSPA (LEUCAS CEPHALOTES)

GHUIKUMARI (Aloe barbadensis)

GOBRESALLA / TALISPATRA (ABIES SPECTABILIS)

GOKHUR (TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS)

GUJARGANO (CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA)

HARCHUR (VISCUM ALBUM)

HARRO (TERMINALIA CHEBULA)

INDRAJAU ( Holarrhena pubescens )

JAMANE MANDRO (MAHONIA NEPAULENSIS)

JAMUN (Syzygium cumini)

JATAMANSI (NARDOSTACHYS GRANDIFLORA)

KAKAD SINGHI (Pistacia chinensis)

KAKOLI ( Fritillaria cirrhosa)

KALO SHARIVA (CRYPTOLEPIS BUCHANANII)

KALO SHARIVA (ICHNOCARPUS FRUTESCENS)

KALO-BIKHA (ACONITUM LACINIATUM)

LAGHU PATRA (PODOPHYLLUM HEXANDRUM)

MAHARANGI (MAHARANGA EMODI)

MAJITHO (RUBIA MANJITH)

Medicinal Plants of Nepal! Preserving the Past, Healing the Future

NAGEBELI (LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM)

NAGKESAR (MESUA FERREA)

NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA)

NUN DHIKI (OSYRIS WIGHTIANA)

OKHAR (JUGLANS REGIA)

PADAMCHAL (RHEUM AUSTRALE)

PADBIRI (Paederia foetida)

PANCHAUNLE (Dactylorhiza hatagirea)

PANGRA (ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES)

PASHANVEDH (BERGENIA CILIATA)

PUSKARAMUL (INULA RECEMOSA)

 

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